Aurel Stein books - Photography

	AUREL STEIN - EXPLORATION PHOTOS
	These are photographs made from maps, plates and photographs in Aurel Stein's reports of his three expeditions. The photography of some of the illustrations is not good, but I hope the results give some idea of Stein's massive effort and provide helpful information to supplement the text. The maps, especially, are important for an inderstanding of the locations. in some cases Stein included the same or a similar photograph as an illustration in more than one of his books. I have attempted to place photos from the different books but from the same location together in this list. Here is a summary of the text of Innermostasia. And a summary of Serindia. Here is a summary from Ancient Khotan. And here a summary of Desert Cathay. . Here is summary from Sand-buried ruins of Khotan. Here is summary from On Ancient Central-Asian tracks. This is Stein's memoir on the creation of the maps.
	I have also included links to individual text and illustrations related to specific locations, such as Tun-huang, Endere,Niya, Lou-lan, Khara-khota, Khotan, Han wall, Mazar-tagh, Turfan, Chia-yu kuan, Charchan, Dandan-uiliq, Kara dong, Keriya, Kan-chou, Rawak, Ming-oi, and Miran .
	Sand buried Ruins of Khotan - Stein'[s personal narrative of his first expedition to Chinese Turkestan
	*Photo of cover page of Stein's book - Sand-buried Ruins of Khotan* - the personal narrative of his first expedition in Chinese Turkestan.**
	Ancient Khotan Detailed Report of Archeological Explorations in Chinese Turkestan- Stein's official report on his first expedition to Chinese Turkestan
	*Cover page for Stein's book -Ancient Khotan. His official report on the first expedition*
	*Cover page of Stein's account of the first expedtion - Ancient Khotan* - reprinted by Hacker Art books.**
	Dedication page ofAncient Khotan to Sir Henry Yule - the author of the definitive edition of Marco Polo's memoir.
	Frontspiece - Silk painting of the Lokapala Vaisravana with attendant genii and demons from Cave of Thousand Buddhas.
	First exploration - a brief summary of the events during Stein's first exploration in Chinese Turkestan
	Ruins of Desert Cathay - Stein's personal narrative of the second expedition
	Summary of chapters in Ruins of Desert Cathay
	Serindia - Stein's official report in multi-volumes on the second expedition
	*Cover page for Serindia, Vol. I - text*
	Link to the series of 94 maps supplied with Serindia.
	Summary of chapters from Serindia

	Innermostasia- Detailed report on exploration in Chentral Asia, Kan-su and Eastern Iran - Stein's official report on his third expedition to Chinese Turkestan
	On Central Asian Tracks; Brief Narrative of Three Expeditions in Innermost Asia and Northwestern China - edited edition by Jeannette Mirsky
	Memoir on Maps of Chinese Turkistan and Kansu Technical report on map creation

	Formal portrait of Sir Aurel Stein KCIE

	1 - View from Makaland Fort, looking north into the Swat Valley - ground on left is the Crater Camp location
	2 - Chakdara fort, in Swat Valley, Pakistan, seen from north

	Diagram depicting how 'books' were created out of strips of wood lashed together as found by Stein in Central Asia

	Photo in Stein's book -Sands - showing Mount Rakiposhi from Aliabad - this is one of the great mountains Stein enjoyed seeing while traveling in India.
	Photo from Stein's book - Sands - showing Batur Glacier from the south-east - one of the glaciers Stein had to negociate on the way north out of India
	Photo from Stein's book - Sands - These are Hunza coolies that were assigned by the local chieftans to carry Stein's luggage over mountain passes too dangerous for ponies - from Aliabad north.
	Photo from Stein's book - Sands - These are Wakhis and Kirghiz tribesmen at Dafdar some of whom carried Stein's baggage or led yaks in the Pamirs.





	Stein's sketch of the site plan for the ruin of Pei-t-ing - note he always gives credit in his maps and sketches for the Indian surveyors - in this case Afraz-Gul.
	*Photo 315 - from Stein's book Innermostasia* - Ruined shrines in northern portion of Bezeklik site**
	Photo 314 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Cave temples and shrines in southern portion of Bezeklik site
	*Photo 185 - from Stein's book Innermostasia* - Ruined town of So-yang-ch'eng, seen from north east with inner east wall in foreground and tower of north west corner bastion at right.**


	Photo 208 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - sacred laklet of Yueh-ya-ch'uan with temple and 'sounding sands' near Tun-huang
	*Photo 193 - from Stein's book Innermostasia* - northern end of the main group and middle group of caves of 'the Thousand Buddhas"? south east of Tun-huang**
	*Photo 195 - from Stein's book Innermostasia* - Cave shrines at the Caves of the "Thousand Buddhas" south east of Tun-huang**
	*Photo 196 - from Stein's book Innermostasia* - Cave shrines at the caves of 'the Thousand Buddhas" south east of Tun-huang**
	*Photo 197 - from Stein's book Innermostasia* - Cave shrines at the caves of 'the Thousand Buddhas' south east of Tun-huang**
	Photo 200 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - A cave and its porch partially restored at the 'cave of the Thousand Buddhas' south east of Tun-huang this shows some of the manuscripts that Stein talked the monk into bringing out of his hidden room
	*Photo 204 - from Stein's book Innermostasia* - Portion of a fresco painting on south wall of a cave at Ch'ien-fo'tung - 'the caves of the Thousand Buddhas" south east of Tun huang**
	*Photo 205 - from Stein's book Innermostasia- Fresco painting on north wall of cave at the cave of 'the Thousand Buddhas"*
	*Photo 206 - from Stein's book Innermostasia* - Panel painted in tempera showing western paradise scene from Buddhist myth on south wall of cave at Ch'ien-fo-tung**
	*Photo 207 - from Stein's book Innermostasia* - Alcove with stucco images, partly restored, in cave at Ch'ien-fo-tung**
	*Photo 208 - from Stein's book Innermostasia* - Stucco images, partly restored, of Buddha with attendant disciples and Bodhisattvas in cave at Ch'ien-fo'tung**
	*Photo 213 - from Stein's book Innermostasia* - Interior of cave at Ch'ien-fo'tung showing platform with stucco images and paintings.**
	*Photo 214 - from Stein's book Innermostasia* - Stucco images of late date representing Hsuan-tsang as Arhat with attendants in cave at Ch'ien-fo-tung**
	*Photo 228 - from Stein's book Innermostasia* - Renovated stucco images in alcove of cell at Ch'ien-fo-tung - same subject as next photo**
	Photo 201 from Stein's book - Serindia - Alcove of Buddhist cave-temple, 'Thousand Buddhas', with modern stucco images of Buddha with disciples, Bodhisattvas and Lokapala - Stein quietly deplored the 'kisch' added by the pious caretaker monk who was trying to improve his temple.
	*From Stein's book Innermostasia* - Silk painting representing Buddhist heaven - at Cave of Thousand Buddhas - Tun-huang**
	From Stein's book Innermostasia - Another silk painting representing Avalokitesvara with donors dated 971 AD at the Cave of Thousand Buddhas - Tun-huang - interesting that in Buddhist paintings as later in the west donors are shown smaller at the bottom.
	*From Stein's book Innermostasia* - Silk painting of Avalokitesvara of a thousand arms with attendant divinities at Caves of Thousand Buddhas - Tun-huang**
	From Stein's book Innermostasia - Silk paintings of Avalokitesvara and Buddha - Avalokitesvara is a favorite Bodhisattva who looks down with compassion and has a role of assisting beings to Nirvana - sometimes depicted with 4 arms out of a thousand arms - a guider of souls with a willow branch.
	*From Stein's book Innermostasia* - Silk painting of the Lokapala Vaisravana with attendant genii and demons from Cave of Thousand Buddhas. Stein used the same illustration as frontspiece for book**
	*Illustration from Stein's book - Serindia* - Pained silk banners of two Bodhisattvas from 'Cave of the Thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang -**
	*From Stein's book - Serindia* - Painting of two Bodhisattvas from the caves of Thousand Buddhas at Tun-huang -one same as in previous photo**
	From Stein's book - Serindia - Silk banners of Lokapalas at Tun-huang - Lokapalas in Buddhist theology are the guardians of directions, Warrior kings dressed in armor - one of the two caegories of Dharmapala the other being protectors of wisdom. The Lokapalas are Vaisirovana - north, with pike or halbard and often a snake; Dhrtarastra - east with bow and arrow; Virupaksa - west with sword or unbrella; and Virudhaka - south with club - Unfortunately from this photo of a photo we cannot determine all the details
	*From Stein's book - Serindia* - Linen banners and paintings showing Buddha and Bodhisattvas at Tun-huang. Bodhisattvas are seekers of enlightenment and some have specific functions**
	*Photo 195 from Stein's - book Serindia* - Painted silk banners of T'ang period, representing Bodhisattvas, from walled-up temple library, 'Thousand Buddhas' Tun-huang**
	*Illustration from Stein's book - Serindia* - This painted story has scenes from the early life of the Buddha starting with his birth**
	*Illustration from Stein's book - Serindia* - Painted silk banner from 'Cave of the Thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang**
	Illustration from Stein's book - Serindia - Silk banner with painted Bodhisattva and attendants - 'Cave of the Thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang - Stein was unable to make color photos on site, all the colored illustrations are of artifacts he brought to the British Museum
	*Photo 197 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Old silk embroidery on cushion-cover from walled up temple library, 'Thousand Buddhas', - Tun-huang**
	*Illustration From Stein's book - Serindia* - Silk banners representing Dharmapala Vajrapanis from the cave 'thousand Buddhas" - Tun-huang**
	*Illustration From Stein's book - Serindia* - Silk banners repesenting Bodhisattvas from the caves of "thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang.**
	*Photo 161 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Stucco image group, representing Buddha between disciples, Bodhisattvas, and Dvarapalas in cave-temple Ciii, 'Thousand Buddhas' site**
	*Photo 159 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Rows of cave temples showing decayed porches, near middle of southern group - 'Thousand Buddhas' site**
	Photo 226 from Stein's book - Innermostasia - This is of the same cave shrines, with antechapels exposed near center of Ch'ien-fo-tung site (that is the famous caves of the 1000 Buddhas) south east of Tun- huang. The front of the cave complex was eroded. Compare this photo with one of the restored tourist attraction today.
	*Photo 158 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Overall view of the middle group of 'Thousand Buddhas' grottos and beginning of southern group**
	*Photo 161 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Stucco image group, representing Buddha between disciples, Bodhisattvas and Dvarapalas - in cave-temple CHiii, at Cave of Thosand Buddhas.**
	*Photo 194 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Close up view of bundles of old manuscript rolls, mainly Chinese in original wrappers, from walled-up temple library, 'Thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang**
	*Photo 196 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Modern stucco images in Chinese style, representing Hsuan-tsang as an Arhat, with attendants, in a cave-temple of the 'Thousand Buddhas', Tun-huang**
	*Photo 199 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Rows of small Buddhist cave-temples seen from the shrine of a colossal Buddha, in southern group of 'Thousand Buddhas' site - Tun-huang**
	*Photo 200 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Stucco images of Buddha with disciples and Bodhisattvas, partly restored, in alcove of a smaller cave-temple - 'Thousand Buddhas', - Tun-huang**
	193 - Gigantic roll of paper, with Sanskrit and 'unknown' language texts in Brahmi scrips, from walled-up temple library, 'Thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang
	Photo 192 from Stein's book - Serindia - Ancient manuscripts in Sanskrit, Central-Asian Brahmi, Sogdian, Manichaean, Turkish, Runic Turki, Uigur, Tibetan, from walled-up temple libary -Thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang
	*Photo 202 from Stein's book - Serindia- Fresco composition on wall of cave-temple "Thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang - shows scene in Buddhist heaven*
	*Photo 203 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Frescos in north-west corner of large cave-temple Ch viii - 'Thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang**
	*Photo 204 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Fresco composition representing Buddhist stories, on west wall of large cave temple CH viii, 'Thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang**
	*Photo 205 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Large fresco composition on south wall of porch in cave-temple CH viii, "Thousand Buddhas" showing Buddha on car**
	*Photo 207 from Stein's book - Serindia- Fresco composition in south-west corner of large cave-temple at Thousand Buddhas, Tun-huang - In center Buddha or Bodhisattva raising fan*
	*Photo 206 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Fresco compositions in north-west corner of large cave-temple at Cave of Thousand Buddhas, Tun-huang**
	*Photo 189 from Stein's book - Serindia- Modern frescos in loggia of Wang-Tao-shih's temple, representing adventures of Hsuan-tsang, Wang Tao-shih standing at left*
	*Photo 187 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Wang Tao-shih, Taoist priest at 'Thousand Buddhas' site - Tun-huang**
	*Photo 185 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Temple court at 'Crescent Lake' - Tun-huang**
	*Photo 210 from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - Southern gate of Tun-huang town**
	*Part of map from Serindia* showing detail of area around Nan-hu south-west of Tun-huang**
	Photo 160 from Stein't book - Innermostasia - Remains of inner wall near the north west corner of ruined town Nan-hu seen from interior - Nan-hu was small oasis town southwest of Tun-huang and Stein found near it the remains of an earlier version.



	Section of Stein's map sheet from Innermostasia showing his routes north east from Abdal to Lou-lan - Innermostasia is his official report from the third expedition - he visited Lou-lan during the second expedition, but returned and made more excavations and surveys during the third.
	Detail from Stein's map sheet showing Abdal and Donglik and the delta of the Tarim River as it empties into the Lop nor. These maps are from Innermostasia and the relevant map sheet is missing from the copy of Serindia from the library.
	*Detail from Stein's map in Innermosasia* showing the region just east of Donglik and southern edge of the Lop nor dry salt sea**
	*Detail from Innermostasia* of the area south of Abdal including Miran and the Tibetan fort Stein found south-east of Miran from which he retrieved many artifacts.**
	*I photographed this map sheet from Innermostasia* at an angle in order to include the entire area from south of Miran to north of the west side of Lop Nor.**
	Detail from Stein's map in Innermostasia - The area west of Abdal and Miran to Lop hamlet - Stein was able to recruit workers from this tiny village for ecavation work in the middle of winter - Dec - Feb - at Lou lan. The men here were mostly fishermen. It is near Lop that the Charklik and Tarim rivers geneally meet as they disappear into the salt sea.
	A view of the larger area from Stein's map showing the entire region from Charklik to Miran to Abdal to Donglik - The southern mountain range here is very close to the desert.
	Detail of the map sheet showing Stein's routes between Charklik and Abdal and northeast to Lou lan

	Detail of map showing terrain between Astin-bulak - Altmish-bulak and Besh-bulak - all of these oases north and north-west of Lou lan.
	Detail of Stein's map from Stein's book - Innermostasia showing topography north of Altmish-bulak and his route. This was a brackish oasis north of Lou-lan to which Stein sent his camels while remaining to work at Kou-lan.
	*Detail of map from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - of a larger area around Lop nor - including Abdal and Donglik and the delta of the Tarim River. - The route north east from Abdal is toward Lou-lan.**
	*Large section of Stein's map sheet - Lop Nor - from report Innermostasia.*
	*Plate in Stein's book - Innermostasia* - Plan of the ruined fort at Lou lan showing also section view that details the construction methods.**
	*Plate in Stein's book - Innermostasia* - Detail from the plan for fort at Lou lan showing more detail of the construction methods.**
	*General site plan from Stein's book - Innermosasia* - of the area around Lou lan and several detailed plans of dwellings.**
	*Detailed plans from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - for some of the buildings at Lou lan.**
	*Plate in Stein's book - Innermostasia* - Plan of the ruined fort L. E. at Lou lan.**
	*Photo 129 from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - Part of the south-western wall of fort L. K. in the Lop desert showing how wind driven sand has caused erosion over the 2000 years.**
	*Photo 130 from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - The ground outside the South-western wall of fort L. K. in the Lop desert showing how the wind even erodes the desert ground.**
	Photo 133 - Panoramic view of interior of ruin of fort L.K. in Lop desert - Stein used a camera on a plane table with the glass negatives that were state of art at his time - 1906 and developed the prints in the field during his expeditions. Imagine the logistics of carryhing all that equipment on camels in the desert in winter and then on ponies and yaks in high mountains in summer.
	*Photo from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - View of interior of fort K.K. in the Lop desert from the north corner.**
	Photos 134 and 135 from Stein's book - Innermostasia - Room in a building and timber debris from another dwelling inside fort L.K. in Lop desert - these places were almost 2000 years old when Stein visited. The powerful wind driven sand did a lot to destroy them but also to preserve them.
	Photos 136 and 137 from Stein's book - Innermostasia - remains inside site L. M. III and L. M. I in Lop desert - Stein carefully designated each location and then also carefully annotated each small artifact found with the location number and item number.
	*Photos 138 and 139 from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - remains of quarters in ruin of fort L.K. in Lop desert**
	*Photo 146 from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - Ruin of a stupa at location L.A, XI - at Lou lan. - with several of Stein's crew 'admiring' it.**
	*Photo 148 from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - Ruins of buildings at L.A. II at Lou lan.**
	Photo 122 from Stein's book - Innermostasia - very poor reproduction of Stein's picture of his camels being loaded with sacks containing blocks of ice at Uzun-kol near Lou lan. He conducted his desert explorations during the winter both to avoid the extreme heat of summer and to have a way to carry sufficient water for extended stay on location.
	Detail of Stein's map showing terrain around Besh-bulak - an oasis near Lou lan.
	Detail of Stein's map showing many of the individual locations around Lou lan at which he found various ruins and artifacts. Note that on the surface of the desert he found Neolithic and Bronze Age articles as well as the Han era items.
	*Photo 160 from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - Very poor and grainy view across interior of fort L.E. at Lou lan**
	*Photo 162 from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - West wall (rampart) of fort L. E. in Lop desert**
	Photo 163 from Stein's book - Innermostasia - Part of the east wall of fort L. E. in Lop desert - this shows the erosion and shows how the construction placed layers of branches between the layers of clay. And it also shows erosion outside bringing the ground to below the original ground level.
	*Photo 149 from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - the large ruin of a stupa north west of Lou lan - it is marked on Stein's map.**
	*Plan from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - of the ruined fort at L. E, in the Lop desert**
	Photo 147 from Stein's book - Innermostasia - Clearing refuse between ruins of quarters at L.A. V and L. A. VI - Lou lan - note Stein's two Indian assistants identified by their distinctive head gear. The other 6 men are local Lopniks Stein recruited.
	*Photos 138 and 139 from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - rooms in fortress L.K at Lop desert site**
	*Photo 153 from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - Erosion of land around remains of the foundation of north wall of fort L. A, at Lou lan**
	*Photo 155 from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - Erosion at south wall of fort L.A. - Lou lan**
	*Photo 157 from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - North end of the eroded terrace by the east wall of fort L. A. - Lou lan**
	Photo 149 from Stein's book - Serindia - Spring of Lowaza with ice sheet at foot of old lake shore and view north-eastwards across the salt-encrused Lop-nor bed. Stein stopped here on his way back from Lou-lan to Charklik during his escond expedition.
	*Photo 121 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Ruin of small stupa near Shrine LBii, Lop-nor site, rising on "yardang' which wind erosin is undercutting**
	*Photo 120 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Remains of ancient Buddhist shrine LBii, Lop-nor site, before clearing**
	Photo 112 from Stein's book _Serindia - Ruin of ancient stupa, Lop-nor site, from south-east - In foreground remans of ancient dwelling, LA ix, on wind-eroded terrace covered with dead tamarisk
	*Detail of map from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - of Lou lan showing the many locations to south and Stein's routes in the area.**
	*Plate 27 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Plan for ruined buildings L.B i - iii at Lou-lan - Stein returned to Lou lan during his third expedition and made much more extensive excavations.**
	*Plate 26 from Stein's book -Serindia* - plan and section of ruined stupa at Lou-lan.**
	*Plate 26 from Stein's book - Serindia* - plan and section of ruined stupa at Lou-lan.**
	Plate 23 from Stein's book - Serindia -Site plan for ruined fortress town Lou-lan. This plan is from Stein's second expedition with additions from his third, during which he conducted more extensive excavations at this location.
	*Plate 22 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Site plan for areas L.B and L.A at Lou-lan**
	Photo 113 - View to south east from ruined stupa, Lop-nor site, across wind-eroded ground - Ruined dwelling LA ix in foreground,
	Photo 114 - View to the south from ruined stupa, Lop-nor site, across wind-eroded ground - part of ruin LA i in foreground - adjoins fig 113
	Photo 124 - Hall of ruined house LB iv, Lop-nor site, with turned wooden pillars, after excavation
	Photo 123 - Portion of ruined house LB iv, Lop-nor site, seen from east, before clearing
	Photo 98 - Decayed stupa mond LA xi, east of Lou-lan station, seen from south east - note wind erosion from original ground level.
	Photo 97 - Stupa ruin 3 miles to NW of Lou-lan station, seen from south
	Photo 96 - Ruined stupa, LAx, Lou-lan station, seen from south - note man on left at foot of base at original ground level and man on right on top of base.
	Photo 102 - Remains of ruin LA iii, Lou-lan station, seen from north-west
	Photo 101 - South-west wing of ruin LAii, seen from south-east
	Photo 100 - Refuse heaps of LA vi,ii, Lou-lan station, in course of excavation
	Photo 99 - Remains of wood carvings from ruin LA iii, Lou-lan station
	Photo 95 - Stupa ruin and remains of ancient dwelling LA ix, seen from south at Lou-lan station, Dead tamarisk growth at foot and on slope of wind-eroded ridge
	Photo 94 - Ruin of ancient dwelling LA i and of stupa at Lou-lan station, seen from south-east - Note man standing at foot of 'witness' bearing ruin LA i marks depression from wind-erosion
	*Photo 128 from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - View of interior of ruined fort L. K. in the Lop desert - part of outer area of Lou lan.**

	*A section of Stein's special map from - Serindia* - showing a part of the Charchan River and area of Lop-nor near Lou-lan**


	*Photo 182 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Remains of ancient watch tower and quarters Tvib - Tun-huang lines before excavation, seen from west**
	Photo 181 from Sein's book - Serindia - Ruin of ancient watch tower Tivc - on western flank of Tun-huang lines with view to north - On left an eroded clay terrace with deep-cut Nullah. Across depression with Toghraks and tamarisks is seen in distance an isolated clay terrace (A) bearing remains of ruined watch tower T iva.
	Photo 180 from Stein's book - Serindia - Ruin of ancient watch tower Tvia on western flank of Tun-huang lines seen from south - The tower is built on an eroded clay ridge, and on right overlooks a depression with Toghraks and reed beds.
	*Photo 177 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Ruined watch tower T xiia - with remains of adjoining quarters and stairs, Tun-huang lines**
	*Photo 176 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Remains of ancient Han wall adjoining salt march to west of tower T xiva- Tun-huang lines seen from south**
	*Photo 175 from Stein's book - Serindia* - A stretch of the ancient Han lines built of layers of reed fascines and clay, east of tower T xiii, Tun-huang lines.**
	*Photo 169 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Ruined watch-tower T xii on Han lines north-west of Tun-huang**
	*Photo 177 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Ruined watch-tower T xiia - with remains of adjoining quarters and stairs, Tun-huang lines.**
	Photo 165 from Stein's book - Serindia - Remains of ancient Han border wall between low dunes east of tower T xxxv, Tun-huang lines - The Chinese laborer on left stands of surface of low gravel mound.
	Photo 164 from Stein's book - Serindia - Remains of ancient watch-tower T xxvii, Tun-huang lines - The ruin stands on a natural clay terrace of which the continuation is seen on right - Naik Ram Singh is in foreground
	*Photo 163 from Stein's book - Serindia- Face of ancient border wall, near Tun-huang showing construction of alternate layers of stamped clay and reeds.*
	*Photo 162 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Ruined watch-tower T xxv, north of Tun-huang - on Han line, seen from south-west**
	*Photo 156 from Stein's book - Serindia- Ruins of ancient Chinese magazine T xviii, on Tung-huang lines seen from south.*
	*Photo 154 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Ruin of ancient Chinese fort T xiv, marking the position of the "Jade Gate" on the Han Dynasty wall - seen fron north-east**
	Photo 153 from Stein's book - Serindia- Ruin of ancient watch-tower T iii, near western end of Tun-huang lines - The spot where the first discovery of an early Chinese record on wood was made is marked by the two men in foreground
	*174 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Ruined watch- tower T x, Tun-huang limes, seen from south-east**
	*Plate 13 from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - Plans for watch stations T xxiif, T xxiid, T xxiie, T iva at the Han Dynasty wall north west of Tun huang**
	*Plate from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - Plans for watch stations T xxiiic, T xxiiib at the Han Dynasty wall north west of Tun huang**
	*Plate 14 from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - Plans for watch stations T xla, T xxiiif, Txxiiil at the Han Dynasty wall north of Tun huang**
	*Plate from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - Plans for watch stations T xliii, T xxiiiu, Txlib, T xlia, T xliid, at the Han Dynasty wall north of Tun huang**
	*Photo 173 from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - ancient watch tower T ix on the Han Dynasty wall north of Tun-huang**
	*photo 178 from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - Ancient watch tower T xi on the Han Dynasty wall near Tun-huang**
	*Photo 180 from Stein's book - Innermostasia- Ancient watch tower T xiii with quarters on the Han Dynasty wall north of Tun-huang*
	*Photo 181 from Stein's book - Innermostasia- Ancient watch tower T xii on the Han Dynasty wall north of Tun-huang*
	*Photo 182 from Stein's book - Innermostasia- North west corner of enclosure of ancient magazine T xviii near the Han Dynasty wall north of Tun-huang*
	Photo 183 from Stein's book - Innermostasia - Ancient fort T xiv at "Jade Gate' on the Han Dynasty wall near Tun-huang - Stein spent quite a bit of effort and analysis on determining which of the towers and forts corresponded to the famous "Jade Gate' described in Han documents. This was the customs and immigration station adjacent to the wall that controlled merchant entrance and exit. Since jade was the most famous valuable coming into China from the Khotan region the customs place received this nick name.
	*Photo 154 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Ruin of ancient Chinese fort T xiv, marking the position of the "Jade Gate" seen from north-east**
	*Photo 194 from Stein's book - Innermostasia- Watch tower T iva - western end of the Han dynasty wall northwest of Tun-huang*
	Photo 204 from Stein's book - Innermostasia- Watch tower T vii - in the Han Dynasty wall north of Tun-huang -note how this shows the construction method - layers of reeds or branches between layers of clay - It really is amazing that such a tower could remain in even this condition after 2000 years of steady assault by wind-driven sand.
	Photo 202 from Stein's book - Innermostasia- Refuse heap below watch tower T xxiif - Han Dynasty wall north of Tun-huang - Note the man barely visible in this poor photo. Stein was always looking for refuse dumps as they contained so many written documents as well as other articles from Chinese daily life. And the totally dry climate preserved so much unless the dump was too close to a marsh from which underground moisture could rise.
	Photo 214 from Stein's book - Innermostasia- Extremely poor photography on my part results in blur - but it still gives some idea of the tower - watch tower T xliif on the Han Dynasty wall east of Shih-erh-tun. Note that Stein always uses the Roman term "limes" due to his classical eduction and his recognition that the whole nexus of the Han wall was so similar to typical Roman lines in North Africa, Middle East and even along the Danube.
	*Photo 184 from Stein's book - Innermostasia- Ancient fort T xiv - the Jade Gate on the Han Dynasty wall north of Tun-huang*
	*Photo 186 from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - Ruins of ancient magazine T xviii on the Han Dynasty wall north of Tun-huan**
	*Photo 190 from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - Ancient watch tower T xx on Han Dynasty wall north of Tun-huang**
	183 from Stein's book - Serindia - Rubish-strewn slope below ruined watch-tower T vi b, in course of excavation - The splintered piece of timber held by laborer marks the spot where hundreds of Chinese records on wood, all of 1st century B.C, were discovered close to the surface
	*182 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Remains of ancient watch-tower and quarters Tvi b, Tun-huang Limes before excavation, seen from west.**
	181 from Stein's book - Serindia - Ruin of ancient watch-tower Tiv c, on western flank of Tun-huang limes, with view to north - On left an eroded clay terrace with deep-cut Nullah, Across depression with Toghraks and tamariaks is seen in distance an isolated clay terrace bearing remains of ruined watch-tower Tiva
	180 from Stein's book - Serindia - Ruin of ancient watch-tower Tvia on western flank of Tun-huang limes seen from south - The tower is built on an eroded clay ridge, and on right overlooks a depression with Toghraks and reed beds.
	*179 from Stein's book - Serindia- Hillock with remains marking position of ancient 'Jade Gate' station near fort Txiv Tun-huang limes.*
	*178 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Remains of ancient watch-tower Txx, overlooking lake west of Khara-nor, Tun-huang limes**
	*177 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Ruined watch-tower Txiia, with remains of adjoining quarters and stairs, Tun-huang limes.**
	*176 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Remains of ancient border wall adjoining salt marsh, to west of tower T xiva, Tun-huang limes, seen from south**
	*175 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Stretch of ancient border wall, built of layers of reed fascines and clay, east of tower T xiii, Tun-huang limes**
	*173-174 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Ancient implements and articles of equipment, excavated mainly from ruined watch towers of early Chinese border line, Tun-huang**
	*172 from Stein's book - Serindia- Ancient potery and implements excavated from ruined watch -stations on Tun-huang limes*
	Plate 41 from Stein's book - Serindia - T xviii - Plan of the large building that Stein identified as the local military magazine for supply to the troops along the western end of the Han Dynasty line.
	171 from Stein's book - Serindia- Guard-room built against north-east corner of ancient watch tower T viii, Tun-huang limes, after excavation - On left is seen the narrow gate leading into the quarters of the watch station, with sockets to hold bars of door; on adjoining wall surface the rough outline sketch of a camel; on extreme right steps of stairs once leading to roof of quarters and thence to top of tower.
	*Plate 34 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Plans for ruined watch station towers T xxix and xxv - part of the Han wall complex.**
	Plate 34 - from Stein's book - Serindia - Plan for ruined watch station tower T xxvii - part of the Han wall complex.
	*Photo 170 from Stein's book - Serindia- Ruined watch tower Tix, on ancient Han wall NW of Tun-huang*
	*Photo 169 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Ruined watch tower Txii, on ancient Chinese Han wall, northwest of Tun-huang**
	*165 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Remains of ancient border wall, between low dunes, east of tower T xxxv, Tun-huang limes - The Chinese laborer on left stands on surface of low gravel mound.**
	Photo 164 from Stein's book - Serindia- Remains of ancient watch tower Txxvii, Tun-huang limes - The ruin stands on a natural clay terrace of which the continuation is seen at right- Naik Ram Singh is in foreground.
	*Plate 40 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Plan for the ruined fort and station T xiv in the Han wall line west of Tun-huang**
	*Plate 40 from Stein's book - Serindia- Site plan for ruined station T xva on the Han wall west of Tun-huang*
	*Plate 39 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Plan for the ruined towers T xiia, xiva, xvi on the Han wall west of Tun-huang**
	*Plate 39 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Plan for the ruined towers T xiia, xiva, xvi on the Han wall west of Tun-huang**
	Photo 153 from Stein's book - Serindia - Ruin of ancient watch-tower T iii, Near western end of Tun-huang limes - The spot where the first discovery of an early Chinese record on wood was made is marked by the two men in foreground
	*Plate 38 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Plan of tower Txiii part of the Han wall complex.**
	*Plate 38 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Plan for towers T viii and T xii - part of the Han wall complex.**
	*Plate 37 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Plan for tower T vib - at the western end of the Han wall complex.**
	*Plate 37 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Plan for tower vic - at the western end of the Han wall complex.**
	*Plate 36 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Plan for ruined watch station tower T xix - part of the Han wall complex.**
	*Plate 36 from Stein's book - Serindia- Plans for towers T iii, T ivb, v - part of the Han wall complex.*
	*170 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Ruined watch-tower Tix, on ancient Chinese Han lines northwest of Tun -huang**

	*Detailed topographic map from Stein's book - Innermostasia* the area around Singer.**
	Detailed topographic map of the area between Toghrak-bulak and Azghan-bulak showing Stein's routes.
	Detailed topographic map of the area around Yardang-bulak as Stein walked to the Kuruk-darya.
	Detailed topographic map showing the route between Singer and Besh-bulak


	*Detail of Stein's map from Innermostasia* showing Khara-khota and Dashoba and the Etsin-gol River with Stein's route marked.**
	This is a page of sketch plans in Innermostasia that Stein made of some of the structures he found in the vicinity of Khara-Khoto - and of watch towers and small forts along the ancient Han Dynasty wall. On the upper left is a section sketch showing how the blocks of compact clay quarried locally were used with mud mortar to build sturdy walls. In other words these are NOT man-made clay bricks but denser natural clay blocks. But some sections were built of layers of clay compacted by stamping. The walls were given added strength by layers of fascines.
	*Photo 240 - from Stein's book - Innermostasia* - Stein made of the south-west wall of Khara-Khoto showing the remains of the Buddhist stupa on the corner bastion.**
	*Photo 241 from Innermostasia* - Northwestern corner of the walls of Khara-khoto with stupas outside - note the large breach in the wall**
	Photo 242 - Stein's photo of the south face of the Khara-Khoto city wall showing that over the many centuries sand has piled up against this wall due to the direction of prevailing wind. Not also the dead trees
	Photo 243 - The west wall of Khara-khoto fortress with Muhammaden tomb at the SW corner.
	Photo 244 - Interior of Khara-khoto view toward the SE
	Photo 245 - Interior of Khara-khoto looking NW
	Photo 246 - Western wall of Khara-khoto showing the breaches made by wind-driven sand and piles of sand against the wall.
	Photo 247 - North west corner of Khar- khoto fortress wall from inside showing the strange cut in the wall and the stupa outside.
	Photo 248 - Another view of the north-west corner of the Khara-Khoto fortress wall from inside showing the Buddhist stupa and one bastion tower. note there was a ramp leading up to the parapet.
	Photo 249 - Back of the temple K K i at Khara-khoto
	Photo 250 - Bastions guarding the eastern gate of Khara-khoto - note how Stein poses one of his assistants in these photos to show scale.
	Photo 251 - Ruin of Muhammadan tomb at K.K VI -Khara-khoto view from north. Stein's intrepid pet dog appears.
	Photo 252 - Front of Muhammaden tomb - K.K. VI - at Khara-khoto
	Photo 256 - Ruined shrine and stupa K.K IV at Khara-khoto
	Photo Stein made of the south-west wall of Khara-Khoto showing the remains of the Buddhist stupa on the corner bastion.
	Plans of ruined buildings north of Khara-khota
	Plans of ruined buildings north of Khara-khota
	Sketches Stein made of several ruins at Khara-Khoto - there was an impressive Buddhist stupa the cross section of which is shown.
	Stein's sketch of the details of Khara-Khoto ruined fortress city showing circular and rectangular bastions along the walls and the gate defenses. Also he depicts the foundations he uncovered for some of the interior buildings.
	Stein's sketch map drawn with use of plane table of the immediate terrain around the ruin if Khara-Khoto fortress city.
	This is another detailed look at a section of one of Stein's maps of the Etsin-gol dry river bed and adjacent Khara-khoto fortress city ruins
	*This is a more detailed extract from Stein's map from Innermostasia* shows Khara-khota and the nearby river with locations of many sites that Stein excavated or studied.**
	This extract from Stein's map from Innermostasia shows the location of the ruins of the fortress city, Khara-Khota just east of the Etsin-gol dry river bed and Stein's route along the river north east from Tun-huang to find it. The city was still a major desert oasis when Marco Polo passed by even though it had been severely damaged by Chingis Khan a few years previously. The dotted lines mark Stein's routes.
	Sketches made by Stein of two more forts one near the Han Dynasty wall and one in the complex near Khara-Khota.

	Section of map from Stein's book -Khotan - showing area east of An-hsi with Han wall along north (right) bank of Su-lo Ho, and towns, Yu-men Hsien and Chih-chin-hain, also caves of Myriad Buddhas south of An-hsi and several remails of ancient forts.
	Photo 239 from Stein's book Serindia - Wind eroded east wall of deserted town south of An-hsi. Stein noted that the east walls of the towns and forts he found were the worst for wear due to the prevaling east wind driving sand against them.
	Photo of the ceremonial entrance gate to the Yamen at Yarkand

	222 - Watch tower of modern guard-station at Ta-han-chung, at foot of Nan-shan

	*Photo 225 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Pavilion over inner west gate of Chia-yu-kuan, with view across interior of circumvallation**
	227 - Temple of Kuan-yin, or Avalokitesvara, witin east gate of Chia-yu-kuan
	224 - The Chia-yu-kuan gate of the 'great wall' seen from south-west
	Photo 223 - the "medieval' great wall - north of Su-chou near Hsin-ch eng-tzu - Stein immediately recognized the great difference between the early Han Dynasty wall and towers that he had traced eastward from Tun huang and the Ming Dynasty "Great Wall".- the figure in Chinese costume above is Father Essems
	Photo 250 from Stein's book - Serindia - A very poor reproduction of an already poor photograph - but interesting as Stein recognized that the line of wall he found south of Chia-yu-kuan could not be a viable military defensive wall but was part of a frontier control system undertaken by the Ming Dynasty. It is indeed a Ming dynasty fortress now called Jinyuguan and restored to be an important tourist attraction. Thus it is on current maps of China and photos of it are in many new books on the Great Wall. Stein recognized that its main purpose was not military defense but rather frontier control of people going out as well as in.
	*Photo 224 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Watch tower - but not on the Han Dynasty wall but on the 'medieval great wall' that is the Ming wall near Yeh-mao-wan, near Su-chou**

	*Photo 340 from Stein's book -Serindia* - Wall closing access to ruined town above Hasha**
	Photo 341 from Stein's book - Serindia - Stone image worsipped at Kirghiz shrine of Chal-koide below Idal Pass in Kara-teke range - Stein was led here out of curiosity by a Kirghiz informant. He considered the image to be pre-Islamic but yet worshipped secretly by local Moslems.
	*Photo 339 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Ruins of Tumshuk-tagh - shahri**
	*Plate 66 from Stein's book - Serindia* - General site plan for the ruin at Farhad-beg-yailaki, at Domoko**
	*Plate 57 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Detaied plans for structures at Farhad-beg-yailaki, at Domoko**

	Detail from Stein's map in Sands showing the Keriya River as far north as Karadong at top of map on the Keriya river.
	*Plate 55 from Stein's book - Serindia* - plans for the site and some buildings at Kara-dong.**
	Photo from Stein's book - Sands - showing the interior of the ruined quadrangle at Karadong. This was a small site.

	*Photo 300 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Ruined Buddhist shrines at Khora seen from east.**
	*Photo 299 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Ruined shrines of grouups III and IV at Khora site.**
	*Plate 54 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Plan of ruined shrines in group IV at Khora - site plan for the ruin at Kora in Kara-shahr valley**

	*Plate 53 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Plans for part of the northern group at Ming-oi, Shikchin, Kara-shahr. Stein obtained many artifacts at this site.**
	*Plate 52 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Plans for part of the southern group at Ming-oi, Shikchin, Kara-shahr. Stein obtained many artifacts at this site.**
	*Photo 290 from Stein's book - Serindia- Relievo statues and circular image base at ruined shrine - Ming-oi site near Shorchuk*
	*Photo 289 from Stein's book -Serindia* - North corner of antechapel at shrine - Ming-oi site, near Shorchuk**
	*Photo 274 from Stein's book - Serindia* - South-eastern part of Ming-oi site in Shorchuk**


	*Plate 59 from Stein's book Serindia* - Part 1 - Detailed plan for the ruined Mazar-tagh fort on the eastern bluff of Mazar-tagh ridge next to the Khotan River.**
	*Plate 59 from Stein's book Serindia* - Part 2 - Detailed plan for the ruined Mazar-tagh fort on the eastern bluff of Mazar-tagh ridge next to the Khotan River.**
	*Photo 335 from Stein's book Serindia* - Mazar-tagh hill with ruined fort on top as seen from north-east in the bed of the Khotan River.**
	*Photo 331 from Stein's book Serindia* - North bastion of the ruined Tibetan fort at Mazar-tagh seen from in its outer court.**
	*Photo 330 from Stein's book Serindia* - Interior of ruined fort at Mazar-tagh with remains of the keep in center and north bastion on the right.**
	*Photo 329 from Stein's book Serindia* - Ruined fort and watch tower on Mazar-tagh ridge seen from north west - bed of the Khotan River is in the background below.**


	*illustration from Stein's book - Serindia* - A fresco tempera at Miran depicting a heavenly being - note the western features**
	*Illustration from Stein's book - Serindia* - Tempera painting at shrine at Miran**
	*Photo 110 from Stein's book -Serindia* - South face of ruined fort, with central bastion, Miran site**
	*Photo 134 from Stein's book - Serindia* - South-east corner of interior of Miran fort, in course of excavation**
	*Plate 31 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Plan for ruined temple Mii at Miran**
	*Photo 108 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Western group of ruined stupa and temples, Miran Site, A, stupa mound - B, Buddhist shrine Mv - C, Buddhist shrine M iii**
	*Photo 145 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Interior of rotunda and stupa in ruined Buddhist shrine Mv, Miran site, after excavation - note some of the fresco on the inner wall of the rotunda**
	*Photo from Stein's book - Serindia* - Ruined mound containing remains of Buddhist shrine Mv, Miran site, before excavation, seen from south-east**
	Photo 146 from Stein's book - Serindia - Portion of fresco frieze and dado on south-east wall of rotunda in Buddhist shrine Mv, Miran site - depicts prince Vessantgara and wife with children leaving palace - in dado below are seen girl playing a mandoline, a garland carrying figure and part of bearded male bust
	Photo 147 - Portion of fresco frieze and dado on south wall of rotunda in Buddhist shrine Mv, Miran site - depicts prince Bessantara making an offering of the magical white elephant - dado shows Indian prince between two garland-carrying Putti.
	Photo 143 - Part of fresco piece from frieze of ruined Buddhist shrine Miii at Miran site.- This represents Gautama Bodhisattva in teaching pose, with princely worshipper painted on background of Pompeian red.
	Photo 142 - Ruin of domed Buddhist shrine enclosing stupa M iii, Miran site seen from east. - note the plane table in the background

	*Plate 30 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Plan for ruined Tibetan Mi at Miran - Note the interesting bastions.**
	One of the frescos Stein found at Miran - he was particularly intrigued by the European features.
	One of the frescos Stein found at Miran.
	Photo 141 - Stucco head of colossal Buddha figure, as discovered between statue bases i nruined shrine Mii - Miran site
	Photo 140 - Remains of colossal figures of seated Buddhas in noth-east assage of ruined shrine Mii, Miran site
	Photo 138 - Remains of scale armor and miscellaneous objects frount in Tibetan fort, Miran
	Photo 135 - Camp below walls of ruined fort, Miran - on right of Chiang-ssu-yeh's tent is a Mongol visitor
	Photo 137 - Trading caravan passing Miran site en route for Tun-huang
	Ilustration Painting in tempera from wall of shrine at Miran - Stein notes the European features of these faces. This is a Buddhist shrine
	Photo 139 - Ruined Stupa at M vii , Miran Site, seen from south
	Photo 129 - Stupa and circular passage of ruined shrine Mv, Miran Site, after excavation, seen from west
	Photo 128 - Ruined shrine Mv, Miran site, seen from south-east before excavation




	*Plate from Stein's book - Serindia* - Plan for ruined building in northern group at Vash-shahri**
	Detail from Stein's map in Sands showing the Keriya River as far north as Karadong and the area as far east as the Endere River and Endere ruin. Keriya is at lower left.
	*Plate 36 from Stein's book - Serindia- Plan of ruined fort at Endere*
	*Photo 48 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Ruined building E iii, within Endere fort, seen from south-west**
	Photo 50 - Ruined stupa, Endere site, seen from south-west
	Photo Ruined rampart near gateway, Endere fort seen from interior
	Photo 103 - Interior of Ruined fort of Endere seen from east - In foreground walls of large dwelling, Eiii, excavated in 1901.
	Photo 104 - Remains of ancient wall on erosion 'witness', Endere site
	Photo 105 - Ruined tower with remains of wind-eroded dwelling in foreground - Endere site
	Photo 106 - Ruin of ancient fortified post, near high tamarisk-covered sand cone - Endere site
	Plate - Plan of ruined fort at Endere
	Plate - plans for several ruined structures at Endere
	*Plate 20 from Stein's book Serindia* - Plan for ruined fort of T'ang period at Endere - Stein first found this ruin during his first expedition in 1901 and returned during his second in 1906.**
	Plan and cross section of ruined stupa at Endere.
	*Plate - from Stein's book Serindia* - plan of ruined village - Bilel-konghan - near Endere River**
	Photo from Stein's book - Sands - showing the interior of a ruined temple at Endere after excavation. The shrine was a room 20 feet square with on each side a passage 5 feet wide. In the center we see a large pedestal that originally had four stucco images probably Buddhas. Only the legs and part of the robes remain. There were also statues placed at each of the four corners. Note how similar this room is to the shrine at Dandan-uiliq.
	Photo from Stein's book - Sands - showing the lower floor room of a ruined residence at Endere fort. The large underground room had no door and was entered from above. It was apparently used during the winter. Note the elaborate moulding on the large fireplace.
	Photo from Stein's book - Sands - This is of the ruined buildings inside the fort at Endere - It shows the area prior to excavations


	Detail from Stein's map in Sands showing the Keriya River as far north as Karadong and the area as far east as the Endere River and Endere ruin. Keriya is at lower left. Niya is in the center directly north of Niya oasis at the desert end of the river.
	*Plate 35 from Stein's book - Serindia- Plan of ruined dwelling N ix, beyond Niya river - Niya site*
	*Plate from Stein's book Serindia* - Plan of ruined house N i - Niya site beyond the Niya River**
	Plate 18 - plan of ruined house N xli at Niya
	Plate 17 - plans of several houses at Niya.
	Plate 16 - plan of a large residence at Niya.
	Plate 15 - plan of a large residence at Niya.
	Plate 14 - plan of residence N xxiv at Niya.
	Plate 13 - plans of residences N xxii and xxiii at Niya.
	Plate - Plan of residence N xx at Niya
	Plate - Plan of houses N xvi and xviii at Niya
	Plate - Plan of house N xiii at Niya
	Plate - Plan of house N xiv at Niya
	Plate - Plan of house N xii at Niya
	Photo 83 - Row of dead mulberry trees in ancient orchard near ruin N xvkkk, Niya site - under first tree is Naik Ram Singh with 'dash' to left a asand cone with dead tamarisk.
	Photo 84 - North rooms of ruin N xiii, Niya site, after excavation - In foreground remains of ancient household furniture and implements. The photo shows the construction of wall with timber framework and wattled matting.
	Photo Excavated ruin N xxvi, Niya site, with ancient carved cupboard in wood.
	Photo 85 - Remains of household furniture and implements (3rd century aD) excavated in ruin N xiii, Niya site
	Photo 93 - Central hall and office room in ruined residence N xxiv, Niya site, after excavation, A marks the spot where hidden archive was discovered below floor, on right of it Rustam, the digger.
	Photo 100 - Ruin of ancient dwelling, N xxxvi, at southern end of Niya site, in course of excavation
	Photo 99 - Ruined dwelling N xxviii, on eroded clay terrace, Niya site, Fence of ancient garden and more erosion 'witnesses' in foreground. Figurfe of man in center indicates extension of erosion
	Photo 101 - Trunks of dead trees enclosing ancient tank, Niya site - The group shows sitting on left Rai Ram Singh and Ibrahim Beg, on right Naik Ram Singh and Ibrahim 'the miller',
	Plans for houses at Nxii and Nxix at Niya
	Photo 63 - Hall iii of ruined house N xxvi of Niya site, after excavation, with decorated double bracket in wood raised on pillar.
	64 - Hall iii of Ruin N xxvi, Niya site, after excavation, wikth double window opening into passage iv
	87 - Ruin of sand-burried dwelling, Nxx, near northern end of Niya site, before excavation - trunks of dead mulberry trees in foreground
	88 - Room in ruined dwelling Nxx, Niya site, in course of excavation
	89 - Ruin of large sand-buried house N xxvi , Niya site, in course of excavation - note foot measure at left against fire-place
	95 - Clay impressions of intaglio seals on Kharoshthi documents found at Niya site
	43 - Ruins of residence N iii, Niya site, seen from south-east before excavation
	42 - Western portion of ruined residence N iii, Niya site, before excavation
	Plan XXX - Plan of ruined house N iii, Niya site.
	Plate XXXIV - Ruined houses at Niya site.
	Plate XXXII - Ruined house Nv - Niya site.
	Plate XXXIII - Plans for houses - N vi, Nvii - at Niya site
	Plate XXXI - Plan of ruined house N iv - at Niya site.
	Plate XXIX - Plan of ruined dwellings at NI - and cross section of the ruined stupa at Niya site
	Plate XXVII - general site plan for the main area of the Niya ruined village
	Photo - Ancient chair and other wood-carvings found in house Niii, Niya site
	Photo - Architectural wood-carving from rujined house N viii, Niya site
	Photo- Room Ni, first find-place of inscribed tablets, Niya site - seen from north after excavation
	Photo - Room Ni in ruined house NI, Niya site, seen from south before excavation
	Photo from Stein's book - Sands - showing Ruined building Ni the first place he found inscribed tablets at Niya - after excavation.
	A drawing from Stein's book - Sands - The illustration shows how two wood leaves of documents found in the desert were tied together to form an envelope with the message on the inner serfaces and the address on the outside. The string was placed through the depression and a clay seal was imbedded on top with an impression. The message was safe from being tampered.
	Photo from Stein's book - Sands - showing the remains of ancient houses at group Nii at Niya. This was one of the better preserved of the residences. Note Stein's measuring rod.
	Photo from Stein's book - Sands -shows the north wall of the central hall of a residence (N iii) at Niya during excavation. This building was very large with many rooms. Stein decided it must have been the home of a wealthy person. Its deep cover of sand preserved it relatively well. But the excavation required 4 days of work by the large team. The central apartment was 40 by 26 feet. There were four massive beams each 40 feet long that had supported the roof. This photo shows part of the north wall with a side door leading from the hall into this ante-room. On the left is the tgo;p of the single wooden leaf, still on its hinges, that had closed another small door.
	Photo from Stein's book - Sands - This is an ancient wood chair that he found in a residence Niii at Niya ruin. When he found the chair the pieces were separated but close together. He was surprised at the preservation of the elaborate carving. He found the decorations to be similar to relievo sculpture from Buddhist monasteries in India - Swat valley (ancient Gandhara.)
	Photo of a typical rubbish heap - this one at Niya - that Stein loved to excavate because he found huge quantities of ancient documents and other relics preserved in the dry sand.

	*Photo 332 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Remains of ancient watch tower on Arach hill north east of Maral-bashi**


	*Photo 338 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Watch tower at the Chong-tim sie south of Kelpin.**



	*Photo 277 From Stein's book - Serindia* - Ruins of the "Khan's palace" in the ruined town of Kara-khoja, Turfan area**
	*Photo 272 From Stein's book - Serindia* - Ruin of a terraced Buddhist shrine at Kara-khoja, Turfan area**
	*Photo 278 From Stein's book - Serindia* - Ruin of central temple and part of enclosing court of Buddhist Vihara - Yar-khoto.**
	*Photo 273 From Stein's book - Serindia- Panoramic view of Yar-khoto, Turfan area*
	*Plate 49 From Stein's book - Serindia- Sketch plan for ruined town Yar-khoto at Turfan and sketch plan of ruins near Lapchuk*
	*Photo 270 From Stein's book - Serindia- Ruined stupa and shrine I, Kichkik-hassar*
	*Photo 268 From Stein's book - Serindia- Ruined keep of Chong-hassar*
	*Photo 267 From Stein's book - Serindia* - Fort and keep of Chong-hassar**
	*Photo 266 From Stein's book - Serindia* - Ruins of Buddhist shrine and houses along south-west wall of Chong-hassar**
	*Photo 265 From Stein's book - Serindia* - Ruins of vaulted homes along north-west wall of Chong-hassar, Turfan area**
	*Photo 255 From Stein's book - Serindia* - Clay ridge with ruined shrines at Ara-tam site.**


	Photo 237 - Ruined temple and stupas east of So-yang-ch'eng
	Photo 238 - Ruin of main stupa, east of So-yang-ch'eng seen from south.


	Photo 44 - Mazar of Iman Ja'far Sadiq, seen from south-east


	Photo 36 - Ruined stupa of Rawak, seen from dune above south-west wall of quadrangle


	Photo 46 - Interior of room Kha iv, Khadalik, showing fireplace and sitting platform
	Photo 45 - Remains of ruined dwelling Kha iv, v, Khadalik, seen from north-west after excavation

	Photo 43 - Wind-eroded 'tati' SW of Kighillik, Khadalik
	Photo 37 - Remains of ruined mound, Naghara-khana, near Yotkan, seen from south
	Photo 35 - Ravine of Domoko-yar, seen from eastern end of dam


	Caravan preparing with Rai Ram Singh and Jasvant Singh starting from Kok-yar
	45 - Pakhir Hillmen anthropometrically examined at Kok-yar
	42 - Reception by Hindu traders at Bigil, near Yarkand - Pandin Butha Mal fourth in front from left
	43 - Bazar group by canal bank, near Karghalik
	A Photo from Stein's book - Sands - These are the Kanjuti hill men that Stein mentions frequently. They were orderered by their chiefs to carry his baggage over several high passes. He discharged this group at Misgar. Stein admired their independent, warlike nature but deplored their past activities of raiding and slave running.
	Photo from Stein's book - Sands - This is Huang-Daloi, the Amban of Keriya posing in his full official robes with attendants who no doubt are wondering skeptically what Stein is doing and why they are required to be there. Well he was using the glass-plate photography available in 1900. Stein wrote quite a bit about Huang-Daloi and the energetic manner in which as Amban he ordered his minions to provide all necessary resources for Stein's expeditions in the desert. .

	Transport yaks and ponies crossing the Kashka-su dawan (pass) view to south
	33 -Hunza Dak runners (on left) and Sarikoli frontier guards, with their children, at Mintaka Karaul
	32 - Watch-station at foot of Minataka Pass with Sarikolis
	30 - Wakhi Head-men and carriers at Kok-torok - Mubarak Shah - Karaul Beg - Talmiksh and Dash in foreground
	29 - Oxus source glaciers seen from mouth of Wakhjir valley
	18 - Bahadur Khan - Governor of Mastuj, seated in center with his two sons, Khan Sahib Pir Bakhsh on his right and Mastuji attendants.
	17 - Villagers of Buni, Mastuj, with Khan Sahib Pir Bakhsh and Kurban on extreme right
	21 - Defile of Darband, Yarkhun Valley, with ruined watch-towers seen from north
	16 - Oxus Valley near Sarhad, with range towards Great Pamir, seen from Kansir spur=The fields of Sarhad on alluvial terrace above right river bank
	15 - Bashgali Kafirs, anthropometrically examined at Chitral Agency
	13 - Tirich-mir Peak, seen from below Chitral Agency - (now in Pakistan)
	10 - Tangi-tar Gorge below Tar-bashl - Line of holes cut into foot of rock is seen on left - Kirghiz riding on yaks in foreground
	35 - Ruined wall and bastion of Kiz-kurghan seen from south-west - this is between Sarikol and Kashgar
	34 - Chinese fort of Tash-kurghan seen from near left bank of river
	37 - Kirghiz head-men and followers in front of felt tent, Toile-Bulan
	36 - Stein's train of yaks and ponies crossing the Kashka-su Dawan, view to south
	Photo from Stein's book - Sands - This is Muzagh-Ata the 24,000 foot mountain in the Pamirs that Stein wanted to climb - shown from his camp south of Lake Karakul. He managed to reach a 20,000 foot elevation before being blocked by glacier and high escarpments.
	Photo from Stein's book - Sands - This is Liu Darin, Amban of Yarkand who greatly assisted Stein by directing that all necessary transport, laborers, and supplies by provided by Begs in the various settlements.


	38 - Hassan Akhun, head camel-man on several expeditions
	39 - Chang-ssu-yeh, Chinese secretary and helpmate during second expedition
	Photo from Stein's book -Sands - This is of Ahman Merghen and Kasim Akhun, from Tawakkel. They were appointed as guides for Stein but soon lost their way until Turdi showed them the right routes.
	Section of map of Guma oasis
	45 - Pakhpu hillmen anthropometrically examined at Kok-yar - in mountains south of Yarkand
	44 - Surveyor Rai Ram Singh with Jasvant Singh starting from Kok-yar
	49 - T'ang Ta-jen, military Amban of Khotan, with his children and attendants
	48 - Entrance to Bazar of Borache, Khotan oasis
	51 - Ahman Ishan (Andijani 'Ak-sakal') and Abdullah Khan (Afghan trader) at Keriya
	50 - Badruddin Khan "Ak-sakal' of Indian and Afghan traders at Khotan
	52 - "Haji" Akhun Beg, Stein's host at Khotan
	59 - View of the Otrughul Glacier, looking towards south-east - photo taken from moraine at elevation about 16,000 feet above sea level.
	60 - View of Otrughul glacier, looking east - Photo taken from moraine at elevation about 16,000 feet - joins previous photo
	61 - "Bridge" across Kash River above Karanghu-tagh - baggage being hoisted across by wire rope
	64 - Taghlik family from Karanghu-tagh, at felt tent in Busat Valley
	63 - Snout of Detrius-covered glacier at head of Busat Valley
	65 - Bridge across Yurung-kash River in gorge near Khushlash-langer
	67 - View from Kara-kir spur across Yurung-kash River gorge towards Chomsha valley - note track leading along slopes of spur in center - at bottom a short section of the river bend is visible - Stein took this photo when local hill men refused to help him into Chomsha valley or to Yurung-kash head waters.
	66 - View up Yurung-kash valley from Kara-kir spur - Stein was very frustrated that he could not reach the headwaters of the Yurung-kash directly - later on he went around the mountains and reached them from the other side.
	71 - Ch'e Ta-jen, Amban of Khotan, with local begs - on extreme right is Islam Beg, Beg of Kayash
	70 - Amban's guests feasting on terrace leading to 'my' (Stein's) pavilon in Nar-bagh - Stein was being welcomed at a 'dastagar' by the Amban.
	75 - Entrance gate to pilgrimage shrine of Iman Ja'far Tairan, Chira.
	74 -Eroded remains of temple ruin at Kine-tokmak - Arrows mark original ground level and lowest masonry course south-east and south-west walls
	82 - Khotan pilgrims returning from Iman Ja'far Sadik's shrine
	102 - Interior of ruined village at Bilel-konghan, seen freom circumvallation on north-east
	109 - Mao, Ta-lao-yhe, Chinese magistrate of Charklik
	133 - Stein's tent at Shah-tokhtaning-koli, by Charchan river, On left Ibrahim Beg of Keriya, on right a Loplik with cyclometer
	132 - Habdal laborers from Charklik
	150 - Convoy of antiques sarting from Abdal for Kashgar - on left Karim Akhun, one of the 'veterans' in the middle Turdi, the Dak-man
	319 - Group of Zailik miners who served as carriers
	318 - Abandoned gold pits in conglomerate cliffs of Zailik gorge
	320 - View up the Yurung-kash river gorge from debouchure of Zailik stream
	321 - View south towards snowy range from ridge above Shalgan Davan - about 17,700 feet elevation - note the plane table in foreground.
	322 - View down the Yurung-kash river, gorge from debouchure of Hasib Chap.
	323 - View towards main Kun-lun range, south of Yurung-kash river, from camp below Tar-kol pass - elevation of the camp was about 16,000 feet
	324 - View south-west towards main Kun-lun range from triangulated peak above Tar-kol Pass - elevation of the peak is 18,612 feet
	325 - Zailik gorge below Saghiz-buyan, viewed from west
	327 - View down the head gorge of Yurung-kash river from an elevation of about 15,000 feet
	327 - View down the head gorge of Yurung-kash river from an elevation of about 15,000 feet
	328 - View south towards glaciers of main Kun-lun range from head-waters basin of Yurung-kash
	329 - Slate cliffs rising above right bank of the Yurung-kash, near debouchure of Tuge-tash stream.
	330 - Distant view of glaciers feeding the Yurung-kash sources, from pass east of Ulugh-kol
	331 - Glaciers overlooking the basin of the Keriya River sources from west - elevation of basin about 17,200 feet.
	332 - View across south-west end of Lake Lighten - elevation of lake about 16,000 feet above sea - this lake is high on the western end of Tibetan plateau.
	333 - "Witnesses' in wind-eroded dry lake bed near camp of September 16th 1908, Aziz standing on a witness, Ibrahim Beg riding behind another - elevation about 15,300 feet above sea level.

	317 - Pasa, of Keriya, hunter of wild yaks, and Stein's guide for a few days in high Kun-lun mountains
	316 - Track in Polur gorge near Sarik-koram, viewed from south
	315 - Our advance party emerging from Polur gorge near Khan Langar - Rai Bahadur Lal Singh in middle - Badakhshi, Stein's pony held on left.
	313 - Landing baggage from ferry-boat on right bank of Yurung-kash river
	314 - View eastwards from above Kar-Yagdi, in Polur gorge, the peak in background above glacier rises to 20,080 feet
	312 - Mosque at Ruknuddin Mazar, Yotkan
	311 - Village mosque at Ak-yar, on road to Uch-turfan
	310 - Khuda Berdi (Yuz-bashi) and cultivators of Yotkan - Kuhda Berdi sits on extreme left - figures stuck in his belt serve for easy reference in anthropometrical list.
	309 - Badruddin Khan, Indian Ak-sakal at Khotan, with his sons and a trusted servant
	308 - Chiang-ssu-yeh at work on ancient Chinese records in Nar-bagh - photo shows secretary just recoverred from a short illness
	307 - Turdi, the Dak-man from Khotan - the saddle-bag across Turdi's sholder served to carry small mails - Dakmen were like pony express but over high mountains of Kun-lun they also went on foot.
	306 - Carpenters at work on packing -cases for antiques, in courtyard of Nar-bagh (Nar-bagh was housing complex that hosted Stein)


	217 - Hassan Akhun packing camel at Su-chi-ch'uan spring
	285 - Camels wainting for their first drink after arrival at Keriya River - the River had shifted causing Stein extra days in finding it
	150 - Convoy of antiques starting from Abdal for Kashgar - on left Karim Akhun, one of the veterans - in the middle Tudi, the Dak-man
	130 - Camels grazing on first reeds after crossing Lop-nor desert
	126 - Camels being loaded for start from Lop-nor site
	80 - Stein's seven camels from Keriya, in winter dress, marching in gravel desert - note the difference from winter to summer in next photo
	305 - Farwell to my brave camels from Keriya - Stein managed to keep these camels in such good care that he was able to sell them after 2 years at a profit.
	304 - In canyon of Korum-Boguz River north of Kelpin - Mangush Beg with pony in foreground
	303 - Kirghiz from grazing-grounds of Uch-turfan
	302 - Kirghiz with felt tent belonging to Mangush Beg at Ilachu
	301 - P'an Ta-jen, Tao-taik of Ak-su, Stein's old patron and friend - shown during 2nd expedition. He was at Khotan when Stein met him during first expedition.
	300 - Crowd in Bazar street at Ak-su
	299 - Stein's camp tent in a Beg's garden at Ak-su - in foreground is Haji Abid, the Beg's son (Stein always prefered to set his tent when possible in a shaded garden.


	298 - Digging up ancient documents from refuse layers below ruined fort on Mazar-tagh ridge.
	297 - Ruined fort and watch-tower on Mazar-tagh ridge seen from west - Below, in background, wide flood-bed of Khotan River


	296 - Stein with his team at Ulugh-mazar in desert north of Chira - from left to right, sitting: Chiang-ssu-yeh, Stein with Dash, Rai Bahadur Lal Singh (main surveyor), standing: Ibrahim Beg (local daroga), Jasvant Singh, (caste cook for Lal Singh), Naik Ram Singh (corporal in Indian army engineers)
	295 - Remains of Buddhist shrine at Kara-Yantak, near Domoko, in course of excavation
	204 - Buddhist shrine on Tamarisk cone at site of Farhad-beg-yailaki, in course of excavation
	Painting on silk of Buddha and desciples
	Painting on silk
	293 - Mendicant pilgrim or "djwana' at Burhanuddin's desert shrine, Keriya River
	292 - Pullat Mullah and Ibrahim of Khotan, 'treasure seekers' - these gentlemen were enlisted by Stein for their experience in years of searching the desert ruins.

	Photo Stein made of the wooden gateway at Karadong after the entrance was excavated. This is one of the sites the current International Dunhuang Project of the British Museum has visited and photographed to show what these places look like now.
	290 - Ancient dwelling near south end of Kara-dong site before excavation - Stein went there after crossing the desert and moving south (up_) the Keriya River.
	291 - The same ancient dwelling of Kara-dong site in course of excavation
	289 - Ancient quadrangle partially burfied under dunes, Kara-dong site - On left Tila Bai standing amidst timber remains south-west corner
	288 - By the new bed of the dying Keriya River -on right, Ibrahim Beg and laborer with cyclometer
	287 - Stein's tent at first camp after reaching the Keriya River end - Ibrahim Beg in foreground
	286 - Shahyar laborers slaking their thirst after reaching ice of Keriya River end - These uneducated local laborers were dragooned into service at Shahyar, the last village north of the Takla makan, to work for Stein during his exploration south across the desert to find the Keriya river (which had shifted course) and they were on point of revolt when he finally found the river.

	283 - Halt on march across dunes and dead jungle of dried-up delta of Keriya River
	282 - Caravan on march near dry river bed at end of ancient Keriya river delta - the river had shifted course and finding this by astronomical sighting and dead reckoning was one of Stein's most dangerous exploits.
	281 -Stein's caravan marcing over high dunes in Takla Makan, south of Tarim River - Hassan Akhun and Turdi with the camels - Naik Ram Singh behind on left - They were searhcing for the delta of the Keriya River (which had shifted) - Hassan Akhun was experienced chief camel man - Naik Ram Singh (the Indian military engineer) was at back of caravan to insure the terrfied laborers didn't try to retreat.
	280 - Musa Haji between two other hunters from Korla - seekers for the fabled sand-buried 'old town' Musa Haji led Stein on wild goose chase along the Terim river desert with claim he had seen a 'town' years before, but it was never found.
	279 - Dunes in dry river bed near Charchan Darya
	278 - Bakir, player of rabab, on desert march
	277 - Tahir Beg and Ahmad Yuz-bashi, of Korla - local chiefs who recruited labor for Stein
	276 - General view of Buddhist temple ruins, Khora, from north-east - Tahir Beg in foreground


	275 - Relievos and decorative carvings in wood, from ruined Buddhist shrines "Ming-oi' site and Khora
	272 - Stucco head in high relievo, probably representing a Bodhisattva, from ruined shrine MI, xv, "Ming-oi' site, Kara-shahr
	271 - Stucco heads and busts from relievo decorations of ruined Buddhist shrines 'Ming-oi' site, Kara-shahr
	269 - Relievo images in stucco representing Bodhisattvas, in ruined Buddhist shrine MI xi, 'Ming-oi' site, Kara-shahr
	267 - General View of ruined Buddhist site of 'Ming-oi', Kara-shahr, from south
	268 - Ruined Buddhist shrines in center of 'Ming-oi' site, Kara-shahr, seen from north
	266 - Interior of ruined Buddhist cella MI, xviii, at 'Ming-oi' site, Kara-Shahr - The richly painted stucco image of a seated Bodhisattva, like the fine image-base by its side, were found up-turned. The shrine was once vaulted.
	265 - Stein's camp at the ruins of 'Ming-oi', near Shikchin, Kara-shahr - The photo shows the western and middle lines of ruined shrines as seen from north.


	262 - Ruined shrines and cave temples on west side of Toyhuk gorge, Turfan
	261 - Ruins of small Buddhist stupa and shrine at Kichik-hassar, Turfan - Tila Bai is stganding on top of dune.
	260 - Ruined vaults and chambers near west wall of Chong-hassar, Turfan
	259 - Ridge with ruined Buddhist shrines in Wang's orchard at Ara-tam, Hami - seen from ruined temple cellas south-west
	258 - Gorge above Su-bashi, on road from Turfan to Kara-shahr
	257 - Temple near station of Hsing-hsing-hsia, on road from An-hsi to Hami - Barren Pei-shan hills in background - This is at north-east corner of the Takla Makan desert


	256 - Ornamental gateway in front of commander-in-chief's Ya-men, Kan-chou
	255 - Memorial gateway, built about A.D. 1825, outside west gate of Kan-chou
	254 - Central gate tower and main street in Kan-chou
	253 - Fortified village of Sha-ching-tzu, with temple gate, on road to Kan-chou
	252 - Mongol head-men near grazing-grouonds of Lao-tu-kou - Stein met these men as he was coming out of the mountains toward Kan-chou
	251 - View south from Feng-ta-fan towards main Richthofen Range, across Khazan-gol Valley
	250 - View to south from first forest-clad ridge above Khazan-gol - The Khazan-gol is just visible in valley. In distance are snowy peaks of the main Richthofen Range.
	249 - Camp on left bank of Khazan-gol, packed for start into the mountains west of Kan-chou
	248 - First Mongol camp met with in Khazan-gol Valley - Chiang-ssu-yeh on left, fir trees on slopes in background
	247 - Stein's Chinese 'pony-men' safely restored to the plains - On extreme right our aged 'Ya-i' is pointing with stick to the chief mutineer. - These laborers were conscripted by local officials to go much against their will into the forbidding high mountains and at several times they tried to escape but were held in check by Chinese military escort sent with Stein.
	246 - Head of Alpine valley at camp CCXXI, north-east of Shen-ling-tzu Pass - Turdi (a) and Sahid Bai (b) our Turki poney-men in foreground
	245 - View south from Shen-ling-tzu Pass across Kan-chou River valley towards To-lai-shan
	244 - View from Su-lo Ho and Pei-ta Ho watershed, continued towards south-west - This view joins fig 243 at line A B forming part of panoramic view of Suj-lo Ho headwaters basin. Taken at elevation of about 14,600 feet
	243 - View to west towards Shagolin-namjil Peaks from Su-lo Ho and Pei-ta Ho watershed - line A-B links to previous photo
	242 - Large dunes on marshy ground in head-waters basin of Su-lo Ho - Elevation about 13,400 feet - glacier-crowned peaks in distance belong to the Shagolin-Namjil Range
	241 - View to the east from above left bank of Su-lo Ho River - The snowy peaks in distance belong to the Alexander III Range - Rai Ram Singh is at work on plane table.
	240 - Snowy peak seen eastwards from pass across Alexander III Range - ponies resting in foreground at elevation about 15,200 feet
	239 - Snow fields at head of valley east of pass across the Alexander III Range
	238 - View down the Pei-ta Ho valley from left bank of river - this is near the head waters high in the mountains - the river descends to the Kansu valley through the gorge in distance
	237 - On crest above Huo-ning-to Pass looking NW towards Pei-ta Ho valley
	236 - View to SE from Chu-lung-kuan Pass, showing portion of To-lai-shan Range
	235 - View to south-west from ridge above Ta-pen-ko at about 14,000 feet showing portion of the To-lai-shan Range
	234 - Tungan gold miners from Hsi-ning
	233 - Camp at Ch'ing-shui-k'a-tzu, on left bank of Ma-so Ho
	232 - View south from Hoz-tzu Pass across dry lake basin
	229 - Garden and temple court at Chiu-chuan, The 'spring of wine' Su-chou - The group of trees on left hides the temple used as Stein't reception hall
	228 - Pavilion and colonnade at entrance to Chiu-chuan temple - Su-chou


	225 - Pavilion over inner west gate of Chia-yu-kuan, with view across inerior of circumvallation


	224 - The Chia-yu-kuan gate of the "great wall" seen from south-west

	222 - Watch-tower of modern guard-station at Ta-han-chuang, at foot of Nan-shan Mountains.
	221- Fortified village at Ch'ang-ma oasis, with view to south-east towards Su-lo Ho
	220 - View from Tu-ta-fan to south-west, showing a portion of To-lai-shan Range

	216 - Mongol camp on east side of Ta-kung-ch'a Valley
	215 - Frescoes in the antechapel of cave temple at the "myriad Buddhas'" site - The figures in the procession of Bodhisattvas on teh right are over life-size
	214 - Cave temples of the "myriad Buddhas", on right bank of Shih-pao-cheng stream - On extreme right is the court in front of the colossal Buddha shrine - on the extreme left the grotto of the oldest of the resident priests.
	213 - Cave temples of the "Myriad Buddhas' on left bank of Shin-pao-cheng stream

	212 - Ruined stupa at old town of Ch'iao-tzu, seen from south
	211 - Gate pavilion of old temple in Ch'iao-tzu village - in front are carts full of Stein's baggage.
	210 - Wind-eroded ground at foot of gravel glacis, east of ruined town of Ch'iao-tzu
	209 - Wang Ta-lao-ye, Magistrate of Tun-huang, with his wife and mother
	208 - Wind-eroded walls at north-east corner of ruined town, An-hsi




	168 - Ruin of farm abandoned during 19th century in desert north of Nan-hu
	167 - Village shrine at Nan-hu, with school room on right - Chiang-ssu-yeh in front of shrine
	166 - Ruined homestead, abandoned to desert about 60 years ago, at Kuan-tsou, north of Nan-hu- that would be around 1850


	230 - North wall of Chin-fo-ssu town, with foot-hills of Richthofen Range in background

	131 - Circumvallation of small fort of Merdek-shahar, overgrown with reeds
	127 - Wind-eroded clay terraces (Yardangs) rising among dunes, Lop-nor desert

	111 - Loplik fishermen at reed hit, Abdal - On extreme left standing is young hunter who accompanied Turdi into the desert
	107 - "Dastarkhan" offered on desert routh to Charchan, On left is Chiang-ssu-yeh and my caravan-men enjoying the treat brought by Beg from Charchan.
	79 - Wooden column with mouldings excavated in room near main shrine, Khadalik - Chiang-ssu-yeh and Ibrahim Beg in background supervising diggers - Roze Akhun on right
	Photo of Turdi "treasure seeker' - a key individual who Stein met and hired - This man and his father before him spent their lives (at least all spare time) out in the Taklamakan searching for ruins from which they might find 'treasures' - that is anything they could sell to Europeans. He showed Stein many sites of ruins that contained thousands of artifacts that Stein considered 'treasures' but which Turdi and the others would never have considered such.
	72 - Roze Akhun's band of Khotan 'treasure-seekers' - Roze Akhun is on extreme right
	41 - Muhammadan shrine and cemetery on road to Kashgar
	40 - Ruins of old fort, Khakanning-shahri, above right bank of Artush River near Kashgar
	35 - Ruined wall and bastion of Kiz-kurghan seen from south-west - this ancient fortress to guard a gorge on route to Kashgar from Sarakol was high on a precipice that Stein had to climb to have a look.
	34 - Chinese fort of Tash-kurgan seen from near left bank of river - the small town was capital of the region on Afghan border.
	33 - Hunza Dak runners (on left) and Sarikoli frontier guards, with their children, at Mintaka Karaul
	32 - Watch-station at foot of Mintaka Pass with Sarikolis
	21 - Define of Darband, Yarkhun valley, with ruined watch-towers, seen from north - Stein passed through this valley (now in Pakistan) on way to Afghanistan
	4 - Ruined stupa at Thol, Hunza
	10 - Chinese fort withhin ruined town, Tash-kurghan

	Plan of extant section of wall at ruined fortification at Ak-sipil - and elevation sections of ruined stupa at Rawak
	*Photo 73 from Stein's book - Serindia* - Ruined stupa of Rawak seen from dune above south-west wall of quadrangle**
	Colossal stature R lxvi - lxxiv, on outer walls of the south courner, Rawak Stupa court, with remains of outer passage in foreground
	*Photo from Stein's book - Serindia* - Relief sculptures, R xlii - on outer south-east wall, Rawak Stupa court**
	Photo from Stein's book - Sands - of the same view as in previous photo from Serindia - showing relievo statues on the outer south-east wall of the Rawak Stupa court during the excavation. Note the two huge statues herfe have smaller statues between them. Stein draws attention to the detail of the rich drapery in the costumes.
	Plan of ruined Vihara at Rawak
	Photo from Stein's book - Sands - showing colossal statued with seated Buddha in south corner of the Rawak Stupa court after excavation. Only the lower part of the figures remain, and the seated Buddha is much eroded.
	Photo of the stupa at Rawak - one of the great ruined sites Stein excavated. He generally included men in the photos to indicate scale. Here he has his 'foot' measuring rod also. This site is now protected by government order.
	Photo from Stein's book - Sands - showing the huge relivo statues on the outer walls of the south corner of Rawak Stupa court. This shows the statues at one corner that Stein managed to excavate. The images on far right remained up to shoulder height at 8 feet but were not completely cleared because removal of the sand would have caused them to collapse. In the forground are remains of the exterior wall of the passage around the shrine.
	Photo from Stein's book - Sands - Torsos of statues of Dvarapalas (Buddhist gate guardians) appropriately placed on either side of the enclosure gate at the Rawak stupa court. The upper part was lost centuries ago and found only in fragments. Stein notes that similar statues were still the convention in India. The costumes are typical for the period. The boots have wodden tops and showed dark red color with ornamental border on the brims. The bulging trousers were tucked in. The trousers were hidden by the two long coats hanging from the waist. Note the bands of embroidery along the hems of the coats.
	Stein's workers trying to support fragile statues just excavated while he makes photos - in stupa court of Rawak sosuth west wall - Stein reburied the statues after the photos.

	30 - Fresco and relief sculpture in small cella of shrine Dii, Dandan-uiliq
	31 - Small cella of Buddhist shrine D ii, Dandan-uiliq - seen from west after excavation
	Reverse of painted panel D viii 6 from ruined dwelling at Dandan-uiliq - The other side shows a 3 -headed demon. Stien considered this illustration so significant he included in several of his books. He writes that when he found it he was very nonplused as to its iconography. The figure is not Indian, nor Turkish nor Chinese but Persian. He is wearing the gold triple crown of A Sasanian king of kings. - He is a divinity (Buddhist Bodhisattva) as shown by the four arms. He ollds a curved sword, a drining cup and a spear head - but in the upper right hand raised the image is too damaged to tell what he is holding. He has a black beard and mustache and ruddy face. The narrow waist is Persian as are thebrocaded coat and top boots. The panel was a votive deposit at the temple. It was not until 15 years later, while Stein was completing his third expedition by exploring in Sistan - southeastern Iran that he solved the riddle. There at Kol-i-khwaja he found a large mural hidden behind a false wall. The immage was the same. And at that point he recognised it was a depiction of the Persian epic hero, Rustam, described among other places in Fidausi's Shan-nana. In his upraised right hand Rustam holds the ox-head mace. Stein notes that the period of occupation of Dandan-uiliq is approximately the same as that of Koh-i-khwaja indicating the artistic influence had spread widely..
	Plate - Plan showing ruined buildings at Dandan-uiliq
	Plate - Plan of ruined site at Dandan-uiliq
	Plate - Plan of southern group of buildings at Dandan-uiliq
	Photo from Stein's book - Sands - showing the Ruins of a Buddhist Shrine Dii at Dandan-uiliq before excavation. One can see that the remains of these buildings stuck up out of the sand dunes just enough for Stein to locate them easily. Notehe has placed a measuring rod to indicate scale.
	Photo of smaller inner room of Buddhist shrine at Dandan-uiliq showing some of the art work Stein uncovered.
	Photo from Stein's book - Sands - This is of the central room of the Buddhist Shrine Dii at Dandan-uiliq after excavation - This large cella was 10 feet square with door on north side. The walls were wooden framework with layers of hard plaster on either side of a uniform thickness of 6.5 inches. The room was enclosed by a quadrangular passage 4.5 feet wide with similar outer walls. Stein presumed this passage was for worshipers to walk around and around. Inside the cella was the pedestal shown in the photograph on which most likely had been a huge, painted statue of Buddha. Only the feet remained (in photo) about 14 inches long on a mounded oblong base about 3 feet wide. Some fragments of the body and clothing were found in the sand. Visible also is one stick of the original wood framework that would have supported the statue. Each of the four corners also had a statue on a lotus-shaped base. The walls were probably quite high to accomodate the large statue. They were decorated inside with frescoes showing figures ofBuddhas and Bodhisattvas enveloped with halos. But only the lower parts remained. The colors had faded. Outside this room the walls were decorated with fresco bands with small standard pictures of seated Buddhist saints meditating. Only the colors varied from one to another. There was one illustration of young men riding horses or camels. Other frescos were of Buddhist saints. Stein was able to remove one fresco of a seated Buddha to the British Museum.

	17 - Kaptar-khana ruin near Khan-ui, Besh-karim

	Photo from Stein's book - Sands - of Pan-Darin, the Amban of Khotan with attendants. This official became a very close friend of Stein's and assisted him greatly insecuring labor, transport and supplies for his first and second expeditions.


	Plan of Ruined quadrangle at Karadong site.



	239 - Wind-eroded east wall , near north-east corner of deserted town south of An-hsi - very blurred photo
	240 - Portion of inner east wall of ruined town of So-yang Cheng, breached by wind erosion seen from east - blurred photo but shows impact of wind
	252 - Ruined circumvallation at south-west end of Hei-shui-kyo near Kan-chou seen from north-west - very blurry photo
	317 - Ruined shrine, Sirkip, seen from north-west
	Plate - Plan of Mauri-tim stupa area ruins - near Kashgar
	Photo - Mauri-tim stupa seen from south - near Kashgar
	Photo - Ruined stupa and mount of Mauri-tim, seen from south-east - near Kashgar
	13 - Ruined stupa and mound of Mauri-tim, seen from south-west -painting
	Plate - plan of Kurghan-tim - stupa ruin - near Kashgar
	Plate XXI - Plan for Kizil-debe mounds - near Kashgar
	Plate XIX - Plan for ruined mound at Karakir-tim, Pialma and plan for fort and ruined town of Tash-kurghan
	19 - Ruined mound of Karakir-tim, Near Pialma
	226 - Hao-shan-k'ou Gorge with ruined walls intended to close the passage - On left, remnant of ancient wall with parapet facing east; on right. battlemented wall of later origin facing west

	Photo - relivos statues in wall of shrine
	Photo - relivo statues in wall of shrine
	Photo - relivo statues in wall of shrine
	Photo - relivo statues in wall of shrine
	Photo - relivo statues in wall of shrine
	Photo - relief statues in wall of shrine
	Photo - relief sculptures R xix R xxx on inner wall of shrine at Rawak
	Photo - relief sculptures R xix R xxx on inner wall of shrine at Rawak
	Photo of the stupa at Rawak - one of the great ruined sites Stein excavated. He generally included men in the photos to indicate scale. Here he has his 'foot' measuring rod also. This site is now protected by government order.



	Photo from Stein's book - Sands - Torsos of colossal statued along inner south east wall at Rawak stupa - These were presered becuse the sand had reached this high in time. The upper portions were lost in erosion. And these were so fragile that Stein recovered them quickly after making photos. This view shows the manner in which small detached stucco representations of the Buddha in the attitude of teaching were found deposited at the feet of the larger images. Stein found coins left as votive offerings in folds of these figures.
	Plan 46 - of ruined town - Ch'iao - Tzu
	Painted portrait and followers
	Painting - Buddha teaching desciples





	Photo 221 - Fortified village at Ch'ang-ma oasis, with view to south-east towards Su-lo Ho
	photo 20 - View of K'un-lun mountains east of Polur Gorge from above Kar-yagdi - from second expedition
	Photo 20 b Route in the Polur Gorge through the main K'un-lun range looking north from Sarik-koram
	Photo view from Stein's book Sands - showing the Kuen-luen Range with glaciers in the Nissa valley as seen from Brinjak. This was taken during his return from trying to find the sources of the Yurung-kash river while crossing the Brinjak Pass.


	Photo Stein made of his personal servants during his first expedition - hired at Kashgar and Yarkand - these would be a cook and pony man.
	Photo of the Nilth gorge - Nagir in north west India
	Photo taken through a photo theodolite of the Yurung-kash gorge with spurs of peak K 5 on left in distance - this take to tie Stein's survey of the Kun-lun in with the survey of India from the other (south) side of the mountain range.
	Photo of Kilik Pass as seen from Khushbel
	A section of a modern map of China showing western Tarim Basin from the Kun-lun mountains on the south to T'ian Shan mountains on the north. Kashgar is now Kashi - Khotan is now Hotan - Kucha is now Kuqa - Korla, Hami, and Aksu are the same - Turfan is now Turpan. Tun-huang is now Dunhuang, An-hsi is now Anxi.
	Section of modern map of China showing Chinese Turkestan - Tarim basin with surounding mountain ranges and modern roads - Includes from Kashgar on west to Hami on north-east and An-his and Tun-huang on east and south-east. Note there is now a main route west of the Lop-nor between Kucha and Charchan area. But the road east from former Abdal area to Tun-huang crosses the foothills as Stein's alternate route did and does not go through the desert near the Lop-nor salt flats.

AUREL STEIN - EXPLORATION PHOTOS

I have also included links to individual text and illustrations related to specific locations, such as Tun-huang, Endere,Niya, Lou-lan, Khara-khota, Khotan, Han wall, Mazar-tagh, Turfan, Chia-yu kuan, Charchan, Dandan-uiliq, Kara dong, Keriya, Kan-chou, Rawak, Ming-oi, and Miran .

Sand buried Ruins of Khotan - Stein'[s personal narrative of his first expedition to Chinese Turkestan

Photo of cover page of Stein's book - Sand-buried Ruins of Khotan - the personal narrative of his first expedition in Chinese Turkestan.

Ancient Khotan Detailed Report of Archeological Explorations in Chinese Turkestan- Stein's official report on his first expedition to Chinese Turkestan

Cover page for Stein's book -Ancient Khotan. His official report on the first expedition

Cover page of Stein's account of the first expedtion - Ancient Khotan - reprinted by Hacker Art books.

Dedication page ofAncient Khotan to Sir Henry Yule - the author of the definitive edition of Marco Polo's memoir.

Frontspiece - Silk painting of the Lokapala Vaisravana with attendant genii and demons from Cave of Thousand Buddhas.

First exploration - a brief summary of the events during Stein's first exploration in Chinese Turkestan

Ruins of Desert Cathay - Stein's personal narrative of the second expedition

Summary of chapters in Ruins of Desert Cathay

Serindia - Stein's official report in multi-volumes on the second expedition

Cover page for Serindia, Vol. I - text

Link to the series of 94 maps supplied with Serindia.

Summary of chapters from Serindia

Innermostasia- Detailed report on exploration in Chentral Asia, Kan-su and Eastern Iran - Stein's official report on his third expedition to Chinese Turkestan

On Central Asian Tracks; Brief Narrative of Three Expeditions in Innermost Asia and Northwestern China - edited edition by Jeannette Mirsky

Memoir on Maps of Chinese Turkistan and Kansu Technical report on map creation

Formal portrait of Sir Aurel Stein KCIE

1 - View from Makaland Fort, looking north into the Swat Valley - ground on left is the Crater Camp location

2 - Chakdara fort, in Swat Valley, Pakistan, seen from north

Diagram depicting how 'books' were created out of strips of wood lashed together as found by Stein in Central Asia

Photo in Stein's book -Sands - showing Mount Rakiposhi from Aliabad - this is one of the great mountains Stein enjoyed seeing while traveling in India.

Photo from Stein's book - Sands - showing Batur Glacier from the south-east - one of the glaciers Stein had to negociate on the way north out of India

Photo from Stein's book - Sands - These are Hunza coolies that were assigned by the local chieftans to carry Stein's luggage over mountain passes too dangerous for ponies - from Aliabad north.

Photo from Stein's book - Sands - These are Wakhis and Kirghiz tribesmen at Dafdar some of whom carried Stein's baggage or led yaks in the Pamirs.

Stein's sketch of the site plan for the ruin of Pei-t-ing - note he always gives credit in his maps and sketches for the Indian surveyors - in this case Afraz-Gul.

Photo 315 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Ruined shrines in northern portion of Bezeklik site

Photo 314 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Cave temples and shrines in southern portion of Bezeklik site

Photo 185 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Ruined town of So-yang-ch'eng, seen from north east with inner east wall in foreground and tower of north west corner bastion at right.

Photo 208 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - sacred laklet of Yueh-ya-ch'uan with temple and 'sounding sands' near Tun-huang

Photo 193 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - northern end of the main group and middle group of caves of 'the Thousand Buddhas"? south east of Tun-huang

Photo 195 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Cave shrines at the Caves of the "Thousand Buddhas" south east of Tun-huang

Photo 196 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Cave shrines at the caves of 'the Thousand Buddhas" south east of Tun-huang

Photo 197 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Cave shrines at the caves of 'the Thousand Buddhas' south east of Tun-huang

Photo 200 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - A cave and its porch partially restored at the 'cave of the Thousand Buddhas' south east of Tun-huang this shows some of the manuscripts that Stein talked the monk into bringing out of his hidden room

Photo 204 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Portion of a fresco painting on south wall of a cave at Ch'ien-fo'tung - 'the caves of the Thousand Buddhas" south east of Tun huang

Photo 205 - from Stein's book Innermostasia- Fresco painting on north wall of cave at the cave of 'the Thousand Buddhas"

Photo 206 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Panel painted in tempera showing western paradise scene from Buddhist myth on south wall of cave at Ch'ien-fo-tung

Photo 207 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Alcove with stucco images, partly restored, in cave at Ch'ien-fo-tung

Photo 208 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Stucco images, partly restored, of Buddha with attendant disciples and Bodhisattvas in cave at Ch'ien-fo'tung

Photo 213 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Interior of cave at Ch'ien-fo'tung showing platform with stucco images and paintings.

Photo 214 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Stucco images of late date representing Hsuan-tsang as Arhat with attendants in cave at Ch'ien-fo-tung

Photo 228 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Renovated stucco images in alcove of cell at Ch'ien-fo-tung - same subject as next photo

Photo 201 from Stein's book - Serindia - Alcove of Buddhist cave-temple, 'Thousand Buddhas', with modern stucco images of Buddha with disciples, Bodhisattvas and Lokapala - Stein quietly deplored the 'kisch' added by the pious caretaker monk who was trying to improve his temple.

From Stein's book Innermostasia - Silk painting representing Buddhist heaven - at Cave of Thousand Buddhas - Tun-huang

From Stein's book Innermostasia - Another silk painting representing Avalokitesvara with donors dated 971 AD at the Cave of Thousand Buddhas - Tun-huang - interesting that in Buddhist paintings as later in the west donors are shown smaller at the bottom.

From Stein's book Innermostasia - Silk painting of Avalokitesvara of a thousand arms with attendant divinities at Caves of Thousand Buddhas - Tun-huang

From Stein's book Innermostasia - Silk paintings of Avalokitesvara and Buddha - Avalokitesvara is a favorite Bodhisattva who looks down with compassion and has a role of assisting beings to Nirvana - sometimes depicted with 4 arms out of a thousand arms - a guider of souls with a willow branch.

From Stein's book Innermostasia - Silk painting of the Lokapala Vaisravana with attendant genii and demons from Cave of Thousand Buddhas. Stein used the same illustration as frontspiece for book

Illustration from Stein's book - Serindia - Pained silk banners of two Bodhisattvas from 'Cave of the Thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang -

From Stein's book - Serindia - Painting of two Bodhisattvas from the caves of Thousand Buddhas at Tun-huang -one same as in previous photo

From Stein's book - Serindia - Linen banners and paintings showing Buddha and Bodhisattvas at Tun-huang. Bodhisattvas are seekers of enlightenment and some have specific functions

Photo 195 from Stein's - book Serindia - Painted silk banners of T'ang period, representing Bodhisattvas, from walled-up temple library, 'Thousand Buddhas' Tun-huang

Illustration from Stein's book - Serindia - This painted story has scenes from the early life of the Buddha starting with his birth

Illustration from Stein's book - Serindia - Painted silk banner from 'Cave of the Thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang

Illustration from Stein's book - Serindia - Silk banner with painted Bodhisattva and attendants - 'Cave of the Thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang - Stein was unable to make color photos on site, all the colored illustrations are of artifacts he brought to the British Museum

Photo 197 from Stein's book - Serindia - Old silk embroidery on cushion-cover from walled up temple library, 'Thousand Buddhas', - Tun-huang

Illustration From Stein's book - Serindia - Silk banners representing Dharmapala Vajrapanis from the cave 'thousand Buddhas" - Tun-huang

Illustration From Stein's book - Serindia - Silk banners repesenting Bodhisattvas from the caves of "thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang.

Photo 161 from Stein's book - Serindia - Stucco image group, representing Buddha between disciples, Bodhisattvas, and Dvarapalas in cave-temple Ciii, 'Thousand Buddhas' site

Photo 159 from Stein's book - Serindia - Rows of cave temples showing decayed porches, near middle of southern group - 'Thousand Buddhas' site

Photo 158 from Stein's book - Serindia - Overall view of the middle group of 'Thousand Buddhas' grottos and beginning of southern group

Photo 161 from Stein's book - Serindia - Stucco image group, representing Buddha between disciples, Bodhisattvas and Dvarapalas - in cave-temple CHiii, at Cave of Thosand Buddhas.

Photo 194 from Stein's book - Serindia - Close up view of bundles of old manuscript rolls, mainly Chinese in original wrappers, from walled-up temple library, 'Thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang

Photo 196 from Stein's book - Serindia - Modern stucco images in Chinese style, representing Hsuan-tsang as an Arhat, with attendants, in a cave-temple of the 'Thousand Buddhas', Tun-huang

Photo 199 from Stein's book - Serindia - Rows of small Buddhist cave-temples seen from the shrine of a colossal Buddha, in southern group of 'Thousand Buddhas' site - Tun-huang

Photo 200 from Stein's book - Serindia - Stucco images of Buddha with disciples and Bodhisattvas, partly restored, in alcove of a smaller cave-temple - 'Thousand Buddhas', - Tun-huang

193 - Gigantic roll of paper, with Sanskrit and 'unknown' language texts in Brahmi scrips, from walled-up temple library, 'Thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang

Photo 192 from Stein's book - Serindia - Ancient manuscripts in Sanskrit, Central-Asian Brahmi, Sogdian, Manichaean, Turkish, Runic Turki, Uigur, Tibetan, from walled-up temple libary -Thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang

Photo 202 from Stein's book - Serindia- Fresco composition on wall of cave-temple "Thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang - shows scene in Buddhist heaven

Photo 203 from Stein's book - Serindia - Frescos in north-west corner of large cave-temple Ch viii - 'Thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang

Photo 204 from Stein's book - Serindia - Fresco composition representing Buddhist stories, on west wall of large cave temple CH viii, 'Thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang

Photo 205 from Stein's book - Serindia - Large fresco composition on south wall of porch in cave-temple CH viii, "Thousand Buddhas" showing Buddha on car

Photo 207 from Stein's book - Serindia- Fresco composition in south-west corner of large cave-temple at Thousand Buddhas, Tun-huang - In center Buddha or Bodhisattva raising fan

Photo 206 from Stein's book - Serindia - Fresco compositions in north-west corner of large cave-temple at Cave of Thousand Buddhas, Tun-huang

Photo 189 from Stein's book - Serindia- Modern frescos in loggia of Wang-Tao-shih's temple, representing adventures of Hsuan-tsang, Wang Tao-shih standing at left

Photo 187 from Stein's book - Serindia - Wang Tao-shih, Taoist priest at 'Thousand Buddhas' site - Tun-huang

Photo 185 from Stein's book - Serindia - Temple court at 'Crescent Lake' - Tun-huang

**Photo of cover page of Stein's book - Sand-buried Ruins of Khotan - the personal narrative of his first expedition in Chinese Turkestan.**

**Cover page for Stein's book -Ancient Khotan. His official report on the first expedition**

**Cover page of Stein's account of the first expedtion - Ancient Khotan - reprinted by Hacker Art books.**

**Cover page for Serindia, Vol. I - text**

**Photo 315 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Ruined shrines in northern portion of Bezeklik site**

**Photo 185 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Ruined town of So-yang-ch'eng, seen from north east with inner east wall in foreground and tower of north west corner bastion at right.**

**Photo 193 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - northern end of the main group and middle group of caves of 'the Thousand Buddhas"? south east of Tun-huang**

**Photo 195 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Cave shrines at the Caves of the "Thousand Buddhas" south east of Tun-huang**

**Photo 196 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Cave shrines at the caves of 'the Thousand Buddhas" south east of Tun-huang**

**Photo 197 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Cave shrines at the caves of 'the Thousand Buddhas' south east of Tun-huang**

**Photo 204 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Portion of a fresco painting on south wall of a cave at Ch'ien-fo'tung - 'the caves of the Thousand Buddhas" south east of Tun huang**

**Photo 205 - from Stein's book Innermostasia- Fresco painting on north wall of cave at the cave of 'the Thousand Buddhas"**

**Photo 206 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Panel painted in tempera showing western paradise scene from Buddhist myth on south wall of cave at Ch'ien-fo-tung**

**Photo 207 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Alcove with stucco images, partly restored, in cave at Ch'ien-fo-tung**

**Photo 208 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Stucco images, partly restored, of Buddha with attendant disciples and Bodhisattvas in cave at Ch'ien-fo'tung**

**Photo 213 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Interior of cave at Ch'ien-fo'tung showing platform with stucco images and paintings.**

**Photo 214 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Stucco images of late date representing Hsuan-tsang as Arhat with attendants in cave at Ch'ien-fo-tung**

**Photo 228 - from Stein's book Innermostasia - Renovated stucco images in alcove of cell at Ch'ien-fo-tung - same subject as next photo**

**From Stein's book Innermostasia - Silk painting representing Buddhist heaven - at Cave of Thousand Buddhas - Tun-huang**

**From Stein's book Innermostasia - Silk painting of Avalokitesvara of a thousand arms with attendant divinities at Caves of Thousand Buddhas - Tun-huang**

**From Stein's book Innermostasia - Silk painting of the Lokapala Vaisravana with attendant genii and demons from Cave of Thousand Buddhas. Stein used the same illustration as frontspiece for book**

**Illustration from Stein's book - Serindia - Pained silk banners of two Bodhisattvas from 'Cave of the Thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang -**

**From Stein's book - Serindia - Painting of two Bodhisattvas from the caves of Thousand Buddhas at Tun-huang -one same as in previous photo**

**From Stein's book - Serindia - Linen banners and paintings showing Buddha and Bodhisattvas at Tun-huang. Bodhisattvas are seekers of enlightenment and some have specific functions**

**Photo 195 from Stein's - book Serindia - Painted silk banners of T'ang period, representing Bodhisattvas, from walled-up temple library, 'Thousand Buddhas' Tun-huang**

**Illustration from Stein's book - Serindia - This painted story has scenes from the early life of the Buddha starting with his birth**

**Illustration from Stein's book - Serindia - Painted silk banner from 'Cave of the Thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang**

**Photo 197 from Stein's book - Serindia - Old silk embroidery on cushion-cover from walled up temple library, 'Thousand Buddhas', - Tun-huang**

**Illustration From Stein's book - Serindia - Silk banners representing Dharmapala Vajrapanis from the cave 'thousand Buddhas" - Tun-huang**

**Illustration From Stein's book - Serindia - Silk banners repesenting Bodhisattvas from the caves of "thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang.**

**Photo 161 from Stein's book - Serindia - Stucco image group, representing Buddha between disciples, Bodhisattvas, and Dvarapalas in cave-temple Ciii, 'Thousand Buddhas' site**

**Photo 159 from Stein's book - Serindia - Rows of cave temples showing decayed porches, near middle of southern group - 'Thousand Buddhas' site**

**Photo 158 from Stein's book - Serindia - Overall view of the middle group of 'Thousand Buddhas' grottos and beginning of southern group**

**Photo 161 from Stein's book - Serindia - Stucco image group, representing Buddha between disciples, Bodhisattvas and Dvarapalas - in cave-temple CHiii, at Cave of Thosand Buddhas.**

**Photo 194 from Stein's book - Serindia - Close up view of bundles of old manuscript rolls, mainly Chinese in original wrappers, from walled-up temple library, 'Thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang**

**Photo 196 from Stein's book - Serindia - Modern stucco images in Chinese style, representing Hsuan-tsang as an Arhat, with attendants, in a cave-temple of the 'Thousand Buddhas', Tun-huang**

**Photo 199 from Stein's book - Serindia - Rows of small Buddhist cave-temples seen from the shrine of a colossal Buddha, in southern group of 'Thousand Buddhas' site - Tun-huang**

**Photo 200 from Stein's book - Serindia - Stucco images of Buddha with disciples and Bodhisattvas, partly restored, in alcove of a smaller cave-temple - 'Thousand Buddhas', - Tun-huang**

**Photo 202 from Stein's book - Serindia- Fresco composition on wall of cave-temple "Thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang - shows scene in Buddhist heaven**

**Photo 203 from Stein's book - Serindia - Frescos in north-west corner of large cave-temple Ch viii - 'Thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang**

**Photo 204 from Stein's book - Serindia - Fresco composition representing Buddhist stories, on west wall of large cave temple CH viii, 'Thousand Buddhas' - Tun-huang**

**Photo 205 from Stein's book - Serindia - Large fresco composition on south wall of porch in cave-temple CH viii, "Thousand Buddhas" showing Buddha on car**

**Photo 207 from Stein's book - Serindia- Fresco composition in south-west corner of large cave-temple at Thousand Buddhas, Tun-huang - In center Buddha or Bodhisattva raising fan**

**Photo 206 from Stein's book - Serindia - Fresco compositions in north-west corner of large cave-temple at Cave of Thousand Buddhas, Tun-huang**

**Photo 189 from Stein's book - Serindia- Modern frescos in loggia of Wang-Tao-shih's temple, representing adventures of Hsuan-tsang, Wang Tao-shih standing at left**

**Photo 187 from Stein's book - Serindia - Wang Tao-shih, Taoist priest at 'Thousand Buddhas' site - Tun-huang**

**Photo 185 from Stein's book - Serindia - Temple court at 'Crescent Lake' - Tun-huang**

**Photo 210 from Stein's book - Innermostasia - Southern gate of Tun-huang town**

**Part of map from Serindia showing detail of area around Nan-hu south-west of Tun-huang**

**Detail from Stein's map in Innermosasia showing the region just east of Donglik and southern edge of the Lop nor dry salt sea**

**Detail from Innermostasia of the area south of Abdal including Miran and the Tibetan fort Stein found south-east of Miran from which he retrieved many artifacts.**

**I photographed this map sheet from Innermostasia at an angle in order to include the entire area from south of Miran to north of the west side of Lop Nor.**

**Detail of map from Stein's book - Innermostasia - of a larger area around Lop nor - including Abdal and Donglik and the delta of the Tarim River. - The route north east from Abdal is toward Lou-lan.**

**Large section of Stein's map sheet - Lop Nor - from report Innermostasia.**

**Plate in Stein's book - Innermostasia - Plan of the ruined fort at Lou lan showing also section view that details the construction methods.**

**Plate in Stein's book - Innermostasia - Detail from the plan for fort at Lou lan showing more detail of the construction methods.**

**General site plan from Stein's book - Innermosasia - of the area around Lou lan and several detailed plans of dwellings.**

**Detailed plans from Stein's book - Innermostasia - for some of the buildings at Lou lan.**

**Plate in Stein's book - Innermostasia - Plan of the ruined fort L. E. at Lou lan.**

**Photo 129 from Stein's book - Innermostasia - Part of the south-western wall of fort L. K. in the Lop desert showing how wind driven sand has caused erosion over the 2000 years.**

**Photo 130 from Stein's book - Innermostasia - The ground outside the South-western wall of fort L. K. in the Lop desert showing how the wind even erodes the desert ground.**

**Photo from Stein's book - Innermostasia - View of interior of fort K.K. in the Lop desert from the north corner.**

**Photos 138 and 139 from Stein's book - Innermostasia - remains of quarters in ruin of fort L.K. in Lop desert**

**Photo 146 from Stein's book - Innermostasia - Ruin of a stupa at location L.A, XI - at Lou lan. - with several of Stein's crew 'admiring' it.**

**Photo 148 from Stein's book - Innermostasia - Ruins of buildings at L.A. II at Lou lan.**

**Photo 160 from Stein's book - Innermostasia - Very poor and grainy view across interior of fort L.E. at Lou lan**

**Photo 162 from Stein's book - Innermostasia - West wall (rampart) of fort L. E. in Lop desert**

**Photo 149 from Stein's book - Innermostasia - the large ruin of a stupa north west of Lou lan - it is marked on Stein's map.**

**Plan from Stein's book - Innermostasia - of the ruined fort at L. E, in the Lop desert**

**Photos 138 and 139 from Stein's book - Innermostasia - rooms in fortress L.K at Lop desert site**

**Photo 153 from Stein's book - Innermostasia - Erosion of land around remains of the foundation of north wall of fort L. A, at Lou lan**

**Photo 155 from Stein's book - Innermostasia - Erosion at south wall of fort L.A. - Lou lan**

**Photo 157 from Stein's book - Innermostasia - North end of the eroded terrace by the east wall of fort L. A. - Lou lan**

**Photo 121 from Stein's book - Serindia - Ruin of small stupa near Shrine LBii, Lop-nor site, rising on "yardang' which wind erosin is undercutting**

**Photo 120 from Stein's book - Serindia - Remains of ancient Buddhist shrine LBii, Lop-nor site, before clearing**

**Detail of map from Stein's book - Innermostasia - of Lou lan showing the many locations to south and Stein's routes in the area.**

**Plate 26 from Stein's book -Serindia - plan and section of ruined stupa at Lou-lan.**

**Plate 26 from Stein's book - Serindia - plan and section of ruined stupa at Lou-lan.**

**Plate 22 from Stein's book - Serindia - Site plan for areas L.B and L.A at Lou-lan**

**Photo 128 from Stein's book - Innermostasia - View of interior of ruined fort L. K. in the Lop desert - part of outer area of Lou lan.**