| |
CHRONOLOGY - 17th CENTURY RUSSIA
|
|
| |
|
MICHA JELISAVCIC
JOHN SLOAN
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
1603-17 AD
|
Ahmed I, Ottoman Sultan.
|
|
|
1605 AD
|
Lzhyedimitrii I, proclaimed
Tsar.
|
|
|
1605-13 AD
|
Time of Troubles - Muscovy.
|
|
|
1605 AD
|
Vasilii Shuiski proclaimed Tsar.
|
|
|
1606-10 AD
|
Seldmet Girei, Khan of Crimea.
|
|
|
1607 AD
|
Crimean Tatars renew campaigns
against Moscow now that Ottoman war in Poland has ended. Poland signs treaty
with Great Nogai and Crimean Tatars against Moscow from south as he invades
western Russia - Tsar Vasilii Shuiski busy with Bolotnikov rebellion.
|
|
| |
1609 AD
|
Battle on Zhabni river near
Kalyhazin. Polish detachment defeats troops of M. Skopin-Shuiskii.
|
|
|
1609 AD
|
Crimean Tatar campaign to Orlov
in coordination with Polish army offensive. In June 40- 80,000 Tatars cross Oka
at Serpukhov.
|
|
|
1610 AD
|
Vasilii Shuiski deposed, Tatar
attacks coincide with Polish siege of Kremlin, but they also oppose the 2nd
False Dmitri's forces - Nogai attack Riazan.
|
|
|
1610-23 AD
|
Dzhantsbek Girei, Khan of
Crimea.
|
|
|
1611 AD
|
Crimean and Nogai Tatars
continue to take advantage of Russian preoccupation with war against Poles at
Moscow - They collect every moveable valuable they can out of south central
Russia.
|
|
|
1612-15 AD
|
Ottoman Sultan changes policy
and renews war against Poland, this diverts Crimean Tatars from Russia and back
into Poland, But Nogai continue to raid Muscovy on into following years as
well.
|
|
|
1613-45 AD
|
Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, Tsar
of all the Russias.
|
|
|
1615 AD
|
Crimean Tatars return from
Poland and renew campaigns against Moscow.
|
|
|
1617-18 AD
|
Mustafa I, Ottoman Sultan (1st
time).
|
|
|
1617 AD
|
Ottoman Sultan orders Crimean
Khan to support war with Persia. Khan reluctant due to danger from Nogai but
goes via Sinope to campaign.
|
|
|
1618-22 AD
|
Osman II, Ottoman Sultan.
|
|
|
1620 AD
|
Ottoman Sultan leads army
personally into Moldavia and Poland, Belgorod Tatars participate but Khan
Dzhantsibek Girei stays home.
|
|
|
1620 AD
|
Don Cossacks begin series of
naval attacks on Crimea as well as Azov and Kaziev Tatars.
|
|
|
1621 AD
|
Sultan Osman orders decisive
offensive against Poland, Crimean and Nogai Tatars supply 100,000 troops. Poles
and Cossacks win great victory at Khotin for which Osman blames the Tatars.
|
|
|
1622 AD
|
Crimean Tatars take out their
disappointment over Khotin on Moscow with border raids.
|
|
|
1622-23 AD
|
Mustafa I, Ottoman Sultan 2nd
time.
|
|
|
1623-27 AD
|
Mukhammed Girei III ,Khan of
Crimea.
|
|
|
1623-40 AD
|
Murad IV, Ottoman Sultan.
|
|
|
1623 AD
|
Mukhammed immediately launches
largest Tatar campaign of the decade against Moscow, Cossacks countering with
attacks on Azov.
|
|
|
1625 AD
|
Mukhammed switches into campaign
against Poland with 60,000 troops in December but they lose too many horses to
winter weather.
|
|
|
1625 AD
|
Cossacks naval campaigns reach
Trebizond on Turkish coast, then they attack Azov again.
|
|
|
1627-35 AD
|
Dzhantsbek Girei, Khan of
Crimea, second time with Ottoman support in civil war against Shagin and Mahmet
Girei.
|
|
|
1627-29 AD
|
Multi- sided campaigns among
Crimeans, Cossacks, Turks, Nogai, Muscovites. Civil war in Crimea in which Khan
besieged in Bakhchisarai by 30,000 Tatars. Zaporozhie Cossacks aiding Khan in
battle on Alma River, they drive opposing Tatars into Kaffa and besiege it.
|
|
|
1632 AD
|
Crimean Tatars renew lucrative
attacks into Muscovy.
|
|
|
1632 AD
|
Kalmyk Mongols arrive on lower
Volga and begin constant war against Nogai - Muscovy, after initial concerns,
soon pleased with new ally.
|
|
|
1633 AD
|
Poles offer subsidy to Crimean
Tatars for attacks on Moscow, Khan only too glad to agree, despite Ottoman
objections. Russians attempt pre-emptive attacks from Astrakhan into Kuban and
Taman regions.
|
|
|
1634 AD
|
Don and Zaporozhie Cossacks
conduct naval attacks on Black Sea and capture Azov. They ambush Nogai who are
themselves attacking Russian territories.But Kalmyks drive Nogai west across
Volga and occupy all steppe east of river. This puts more Nogai into action in
central and western Ukraine.
|
|
|
1635-37 AD
|
Dzahtsibek Girei dies and is
replaced by Imaiet Girei who refuses to support Ottoman sultan's war to capture
Georgia and keeps troops home also from attacking Moscow.
|
|
|
1636 AD
|
Imaiet Girei besieges Ottoman
garrison at Kaffa and Sultan sends army to depose him and replace with
Bekhddehr Girei. Meanwhile there is continual warfare between Nogai and
Cossacks.
|
|
|
1637-41 AD
|
Bekhddehr Girei, Khan of Crimea.
|
|
|
1637 AD
|
With Turks busy against Venice
and Persia (Georgia too) the Don Cossacks capture Azov after siege. This time
they want to keep it or give it to Moscow. Sultan orders Crimeans to attack
Moscow in retaliation, which they do gladly.
|
|
|
1640-48 AD
|
Ibrahim I, Ottoman Sultan.
|
|
|
1640 AD
|
Cossacks continue to hold Azov
and prepare for Tatar attacks, but Crimeans send 80,000 troops into Poland.
|
|
|
1641 AD
|
In January 40,000 Tatars
suddenly appear at Azov but are reluctant to engage in formal sieges. Sultan
Ibraham brings large Ottoman army of 40- 50000 men and 100 siege guns plus
large navy - total of 250,000. Cossacks number 5000 but hold out until
September when Ottomans raise the siege. Cossacks lost 3000 out of 5000.
Ottomans lost 15,000 troops, 7000 Tatars and 3000 sailors.
|
|
|
1641 AD
|
Bekhddehr Girei refuses to stay
at Azov and returns to defend Crimea from Cossack attacks at Perekop - then
dies and is succeeded by his nephew, Mahmet Girei.
|
|
|
1642 AD
|
Russian Duma and Zemski Sobor
decide against incurring expense of defending Azov with war against Poland
coming - they order Cossacks to leave city after destroying fortifications.
Ottomans return with large army and rebuild even stronger fortifications from
which to attack Cossacks along Don.
|
|
|
1642 AD
|
Fighting between Nogai and
Kalmyks around Astrakhan.
|
|
|
1644-54 AD
|
Islam Girei III, Khan of Crimea,
He immediately launches attacks against both Muscovy and Poland.
|
|
|
1644 AD
|
Kalmyks push west of Volga to
Terek River.
|
|
|
1645-76 AD
|
Alexis Mikhailovich, Tsar of all
the Russias
|
|
|
1645 AD
|
After suffering major naval loss
against Venice, Ottoman sultan orders Tatars to round up thousands of slaves
for new galleys - As Tatars mobilize Russians learn of this and prepare
stronger defense against winter campaigns (best time for Tatars to capture
people). The raid nets only 6300 prisoners, however, due to extreme cold.
|
|
|
1648-87 AD
|
Mohammed IV, Ottoman Sultan.
|
|
|
1648 AD
|
Boghdan Khmelnitski begins
Cossack uprising against Poland. Tatars join as allies and together they defeat
Polish army at Zolte Wode and Korsun, Potocki is captured. Then at Pylavo
another Polish army is destroyed. With Tatars taking prisoners and loot at will
in Poland, Moscow is spared for several years.
|
|
|
1654-66 AD
|
Mukhammed Girei IV, Khan of
Crimea.
|
|
|
1653 AD
|
Cossacks now allied with Moscow
in war with Poland over Smolensk, so Crimeans also switch and begin campaigns
against Moscow again in Ukraine.
|
|
|
1644-76 AD
|
Ddil' Girei, Khan of Crimea.
|
|
|
1657-62 AD
|
War in Transylvania Turks and
Tatars drive Rakoczy out.
|
|
|
1657 AD
|
Tatars defeat George Rakoczy II
at Tombovia in Transylvania, capture commander Janos Kemeny.
|
|
|
1657 AD
|
Kalmyks sign new treaty with
Moscow to attack both Crimean and Nogai Tatars.
|
|
|
1660 AD
|
During long Polish-Russian war,
General V Sheremetev with combined Muscovite- Cossack army is surrounded by
Polish - Tatar army at Liubar in Volhynia. Hetman Khmelnitski is defeated at
Slobodyszcze while trying to bring relief. Sheremetev surrenders and is held
prisoner in Crimea for 20 years. (At Chufut-kale and Mangup). - The Ottoman
government sends a powerful fleet and army supported by 40,000 Tatars to
fortify the mouth of the Don and Donetz with towers and chains. - Needing
Kalmyk aid all the more after these disasters the Russians establish special
relations. From 1661 under the new treaty the Kalmyks send from 1 to 10
thousand warriors each year against the Tatars.
|
|
|
1661 AD
|
Crimean Tatars again ordered to
support Ottomans in war in Hungary. They send 30,000 and left Ukraine and
Muscovy alone. Tatars forming more and more important part of Ottoman army. But
Kalmyks attack Tatar rear areas several times into 1663.
|
|
|
1662 AD
|
Battle of Nagyszollos in
Hungary, Ottoman - Tatar victory under Mehmed Kucuk, recently released from
Tatar prison, Janos Kemeny killed
|
|
|
1666 AD
|
Crimean Nuriadin, Devlet Girei
leads 60,000 Tatars deep into Poland as ally of Cossack Doroshenko. Tatars
return with 100,000 prisoners for slave markets.
|
|
|
1671-78 AD
|
Selim Girei I, Khan of Crimea.
|
|
|
1672 AD
|
Polish leader Jan Sobieski
defeats Cossack-Tatar army bringing Ottoman Sultan Mohammed IV with 300,000 man
army to aid Tatars to capture Kamenets-Podolsky. Cossack war between right
(Doroshenko) and left (Ivan Samoilovich) bank groups.
|
|
|
1675 AD
|
Jan Sobieski leads Polish army
to defeat of Turks and Tatars at battle of Lvov but can not recapture Kaminetz.
|
|
|
1676-82 AD
|
Feodor III, Alexievich, Tsar of
all the Russias.
|
|
|
1676-81 AD
|
Ottoman-Muscovite war for
Ukraine, Tatars provide cavalry for Turks.
|
|
|
1676 AD
|
Ottoman-Tatar invasion of Poland
with 200,000 under Ibrahim Pasha, Sobieski wins battle of Zorawno on Dniester.
|
|
|
1677 AD
|
Ottoman and Tatar army defeated
by Russian- Cossack forces at siege of Chigirin. The following year a larger
Tatar- Turkish army captures the city (held by Patrick Gordon) after an even
larger battle. Russia loses right bank Ukraine.
|
|
|
1678-83 AD
|
Murad Girei, Khan of Crimea.
|
|
|
1681 AD
|
Peace treaty of Bakhchisarai,
among prisoners returned was V Sheremetev, prisoner since 1660.
|
|
|
1682-89 AD
|
Ivan V, Alexeivich, joint Tsar
with Peter I.
|
|
|
1682-89 AD
|
Sophia Alexievna, regent of
Russia.
|
|
|
1683 AD
|
Ottoman siege of Vienna, Tatars
support, Jan Sobieski leads allied army to victory.
|
|
|
1683-84 AD
|
Khadzhi Girei, Khan of Crimea.
|
|
|
1684-91 AD
|
Selim Girei I, Khan of Crimea,
second time.
|
|
|
1687-91 AD
|
Suleiman II, Ottoman Sultan.
|
|
|
1687 AD
|
First campaign by V. Golitsyn
(Sophia's lover) against Crimea fails disastrously.
|
|
|
1688 AD
|
Tatar attacks in Volhynia force
Russians and Poles onto defensive.
|
|
|
1689 AD
|
Second Golitsyn campaign toward
Crimea fails.
|
|
|
1689-1725 AD
|
Peter I Alexeivich, Tsar of all
the Russias - Emperor.
|
|
|
1691-95 AD
|
Ahmed II, Ottoman Sultan.
|
|
|
1691 AD
|
Saadat Girei, Khan of Crimea.
|
|
|
1692 AD
|
Safa Girei, Khan of Crimea
|
|
|
1692-99 AD
|
Selim Girei I, Khan of Crimea,
third time.
|
|
|
1695-1703 AD
|
Mustapha II, Ottoman Sultan.
|
|
|
1695-1700 AD
|
Russo-Turkish war for Azov,
Tatars aid Ottoman army.
|
|
|
1695 AD
|
Peter I, 1st Azov campaign,
failure.
|
|
|
1696 AD
|
Peter I, 2nd Azov campaign with
new navy, captures fortress.
|
|
|
1697 AD
|
Austrian major victory over
Ottoman -Tatars at Zenta.
|
|
|
1698-1702 AD
|
Devlet Girei II, Khan of Crimea.
|
|
| |
|
|
