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CHRONOLOGY - 14th CENTURY RUSSIA
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MICHA JELISAVCIC
JOHN SLOAN
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1300 AD
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Swedes built Landskrona fortress
on the Neva river.
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1300-05 AD
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Wenceslas I, King of Poland.
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1300-40 AD
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Strong Russian unts are
maintained in north China and from 1330 as special guards for the Mongol
Emperor. These were volunteer recruits, conscripts, and captured prisoners. For
instance thousands of Tverians were sent to China after the abortive rebellion
in Tver in 1327.
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1301 AD
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Kaidu tries again to capture
Karakorum and dies. Great Khan Timur succeeds in reunited Mongols in that all
again recognize his supremacy and agree to negociate their individual
differences. With internal unity in the Kypchak Horde and enforced agreement
between the Kypchak and Il-Khans the Mongol pressure on Russia increases and
the Russians can't get away with rebellions. The Russian princes continue to
fight each other.
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1301 AD
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Daniil
Aleksandrovich, of Moscow captures Kolomna from Riazan even though Riazan has
support from local Mongol garrison troops.
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1303 AD
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Daniil takes Mozhaisk from prince
of Smolensk and Peryeyaslavl from officers of Andrii Aleksandrovich. Daniel's
success starts the trend for Moscow continued by his descendents. Andrii goes
to complain to Tokhta who orders a new meeting of Russian princes under his
control.
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1303-19 AD
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Mikhail II Yaroslavich, prince of Tver,
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1303-1325 AD
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On death of Daniil
Aleksandrovich, Yurii III Danilovich, Prince of Moscow,
(1305 - 25) then of Vladimir from 1317 or 1319.
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1304 AD
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Russian princes attend meeting at
Peryeyaslavl under Mongol supervision and are forced to swear allegiance and
stop fighting.
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1304 AD
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Il-khan Gazan dies and his
brother, Oljaitu, is proclaimed the new ruler.
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1304 AD
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Ottomans take Ephesus.
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1304 AD
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Crusaders from Rhineland assist
the Teutonic Order against Lithuania.
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1305 AD
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Death of Metropolitan Maksim,
Mikhail II Yaroslavich of Tver wants abbot Gerontius to be next Metropolitan,
but Abbot Peter is called from south Russia as next Metropolitan. (1308) He is
supported by Yurii III of Moscow and in return moves his see from Vladimir to
Moscow. This brings major power to Moscow.
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1305 AD
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Mikhail II Yaroslavich of Tver
attacks Moscow unsuccessfully. He also fails to aquire part of Novgorodian
lands. His efforts to gain control of Novgorod unappreciated by locals.
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1305 AD
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On death of Andrii Aleksandrovich in 1304 both Mikhail of Tver and
Yurii Daniilovich of Moscow seek the yarlik for Vladimir from Tokhta. He
gives it to Mikhail. The struggle between Moscow and Tver intensifies.
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1305-19 AD
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Mikhail II Yaroslavich, now Grand
Prince of Vladimir.
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1307 AD
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Khan Tokhta arrests Genoese at
Sarai .
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1307 AD
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Great Khan Timur dies with no
male descendents. Throne in China passes to a succession of eight emperors in
following final twenty-six years of Mongol rule.
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1308 AD
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Khan Tokhta besieges Kaffa and
Sudak.
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1308 AD
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Mikhail II Yaroslavich of Tver
again attacks Moscow but fails.
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1308 AD
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Peter becomes new Metropolitan.
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1308 AD
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Teutonic Order occupies Danzig.
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1309 AD
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Headquarters of Teutonic Order
moves from Venice to Marienburg in Prussia.
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1311 AD
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Yurii Daniilovich of Moscow
campaigns against Nishnigorod to expand Moscow to Oka, with support from
Metropolitan Peter.
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1311 AD
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Roman Catholic Archbishop of
Bosporus, Franciscas de Camarino has 5 bishops including Chersonesus.
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1312 AD
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Mikhail II Yaroslavich of Tver
recalls his namestnik from Novgorod and institutes blockade of grain supply.
Novgorod already suffering from major fire and needing food, sues for peace.
But Novgorodians seek support from Moscow.
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1313-41 AD
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After Tokhta dies on way to
visit Russia in 1312, Osbeg (Uzbek), nephew of Tokhta, is elected Khan of
Kypchak Horde. Horde becomes Muslim. He institutes new policy of ordering the
Russian princes themselves to collect the taxes instead of the former Mongol
baskak. Novgorod seeks to use opportunity of new Khan to weaken Tver. Mikhail
II Yaroslavich goes to Sarai to obtain new yarlik as grand prince. Osbeg
confirms Mikhail.
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1314 AD
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Genoese trading at Chersonesus -
Novgorod throws Tver namestnik out and burns Tver suburb on Volga and asks for
help from Yurii Danilovich of Moscow.
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1315 AD
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Mikhail returns to Tver with
yarlik as grand prince of Vladimir. He quickly sets out on campaign against
Novgorod. In decisive battle at Torzhok the town is burned and Novgorod looses.
Mikhail assesses tribute of 12000 silver grivna on Novgorod.
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1315 AD
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Yuri III Danilovich of Moscow
ordered to Sarai. He takes a large amount of money from Novgorod as a present.
He remains 2 years and marries Osbeg's sister Konchaka (Agrafa).
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1316 AD
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Genoese decree establishes
relationship between Kaffa and Sudak for trade and customs duties. Sudak losing
its preeminence in favor of Kaffa, which is Genoese main base on Black Sea.
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1316 AD
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Gedymin becomes Grand Duke of
Lithuania and starts building a major power. especially over the western
Russian principalities.
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1316 AD
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Mikhail again campaigns against
Novgorod after people stage uprising.
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1317 AD
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Metropolitans of Gothia and
Sudak "Sugdai" in bitter controversy over control of some villages -
Patriarch decides outcome.
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1317 AD
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Yurii III Danilovich marries
Agaf'yei, sister of Khan Ozbek, and receives Yarlik from his Tatar
brother-in-law and campaigns against Tver with support from Novgorod. Mikhail
II first defeats Novgordians at Torshok and concludes peace with them, Then he
defeats Yurii at
Bortenovo
(40 versts below Tver on Volga) on 22 December, Agafa is captured and dies
at Tver. Yurii Danilovich has Tatar detachment of Kavgadi with him. Yurii flees
to Sarai and accuses Mikhail of defying Ozbeg. Mikhail must go to Sarai.
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1318 AD
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Grand Prince Mikhail II
Yaroslavich executed on 22 November by Khan Osbeg, Yurii III Danilovich again
receives yarlik for Vladimir. Dmitri
Mikhailovich (Grozniye Ochi) , becomes prince of Tver, and the principality
is divided into udels (appanages) for brothers, Aleksandr
Mikhailovich, Konstantin Mikhailovich and
Vasilii. They all have roles to play in future.
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1318 AD
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Novgorodians raid Finland and
burn Abo cathedral.
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1319-25 AD
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Yurii
III Danilovich, of Moscow, Grand prince of Vladimir.
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1320 AD
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Having lost out to Moscow in the
favor of the Kypchak Khan, Tver turns to Lithuania for support. Already Tver
has trade relations with Lithuania. Dmitri Mikhailovich marries daughter of
Grand Duke Gedemin of Lithuania to seal alliance.
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1320-22 AD
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Anti-Tatar uprising in Rostov.
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1320 AD
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Franciscan monastery at
Balaklava - Roman Catholic diocese at Kaffa including territory from Sarai to
Varna
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1321 AD
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Battle of the Irpen' River.
Gedemin defeats a coalition of Russian princes and captures Kyiv, leaving a
vassal prince as governor. It is not clear if this was Ivan Volodimir
Ivanovich, Prince Andrei of Ovruch, or perhaps someone else. Prince Stanislav
of Kyiv also is mentioned.
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1321 AD
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Having collected the Tribute for
the Tatars, Yurii Danilovich makes the mistake of stopping in Novgorod. This
enables Dmitri Mikhailovich of Tver to get to Sarai ahead of him and convince
Khan Ozbeg that Yurii is untrustworthy.
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1321 AD
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Tatar official Tayanchar goes
from Sarai to Tver to assess huge indemnity from Kashin region. Moscow
detachments descend on Kashin but Tver lacks strength to help Kashin.
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1321 AD
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Mention of Kerkri (Chufut-
Kale).
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1322 AD
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Khan Ozbeg attacks Kaffa, sacks
Sudak, allows Venetians back to Tana.
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1322-25 AD
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Dmitri Mikhailovich goes to Sarai to receive
yarlik for Tver, with big present (bribe). Khan Ozbeg decides that Tver is
now sufficiently weakened and punished so he takes yarlik from Yurii
Danilovich and gives it to Dmitri, Prince of Tver who becomes also Grand Prince
of Vladimir by Tatar Yarlik
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1323 AD
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Pope John XXII (Avignon) sends
message to Khan Ozbeg asking for return of stolen church bell at Sudak.
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1323 AD
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Treaty of Noteborg ends
Swedish-Novgorodian war. Peace of Vilnius between Teutonic Order and Duke
Gedemin.
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1324 AD
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Gedemin annexes all Chornaya Rus
(Ukraine) and Podlyakhia into his Lithuanian domains.
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1325 AD
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Dmitri Mikhailovich kills Yurii
Danilovich of Moscow at Sarai, Ivan Danilovich (Kalita)
becomes udelni prince of Moscow. (grand prince from 1328 - 1340)
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1326 -48 AD
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Pskov is fearful on the one hand
of the Teutonic Order's expansion and on the other of the successful campaigns
of Lithuania against Novgorod, which have laid bare the latter's inability not
only to defend Pskov but itself as well from Lithuanian threats. Pskov seeks
military-political dependancy on Lithuania. This brings about rising tensions
between Novgorod and Pskov and eventually an independent Pskov Republic.
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1326-28 AD
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Khan Ozbeg orders execution of
Dmitri Mikhailovich for murder of Yurii Daniilovich. Aleksandr Mikhailovich, of Tver, Dmitri's brother,
receives yarlik by Osbeg as Grand Prince of Vladimir.
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1327 AD
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Tatars attack Kaffa and Sudak.
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1327 AD
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Tatar ambassador Shevkal,
brother of Osbeg, arrives at Tver to collect tribute and faces Anti-Tatar
uprising on 15 August. Tatar detachment all killed. In the fall Ivan I Daniilovich Kalitka of Moscow obtains huge Tatar
army to attack Tver. They burn the city and also Kashin and Novo-Torshok and
entire region.
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1327 AD
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Lithuania begins war against
Teutonic Order and concludes treaty with the Kypchak Horde.
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1328 AD
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Aleksandr Mikhailovich removed
as Grand Prince, due to uprising in Tver. He flees with his family to Novgorod
and then to Pskov. Then his brother, Konstantin, becomes prince of Tver. To
avoid more dangers he becomes ally of Ivan Kalitka.
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1328 AD
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Feognost becomes Metropolitan of
Rus.
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1328-41 AD
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Andronicus III, Byzantine
emperor
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1328-41 AD
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Ivan I Danilovich, Kalita, of
Moscow, Grand Prince of Vladimir.
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1329 AD
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King John of Bohemia Crusade.
Prussia at war with Poles and Lithuanians. English knights are serving as
temporary help to Teutonic Order in Lithuania from 1329 to 1408.
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1330's AD
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Many Armenians move to Kaffa,
they are largest group next to Tatars, build many churches and a monastery near
Sudak.
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1332 AD
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Peace between Prussia and Poland.
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1333 AD
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Pope John XXII makes Chersonesus
a city subject to Bosporus, orders cathedral of St Clement built, Richard
Anglico Bishop of Chersonesus - Grand Prince Ivan I, Metropolitan Feognost and
Ibn-Battutu visit Sarai.
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1333-34 AD
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Arab traveler, Ibn - Battutu
visits Sudak and Kaffa, mentions that Kaffa is mostly Genoese and large town.
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1337 AD
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Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver agrees to submit to Khan
and returns to Tver. But Ivan considers this very dangerous.
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1337 AD
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Holy Roman Emperor Lewis IV
authorises the Teutonic grand-master to conquer Eastern Europe.
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1338 AD
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Another Tatar attack on Sudak.
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1339 AD
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Ivan I pressures Alexandr
Mikhailovich to subordinate himself along with his son, Feodor, more to Khan.
The bell of the Tver cathedral of Spaso Preobrashenski is taken to Moscow. Ivan
I and Khan Ozbeg lead combined forces in attempt to take Smolensk.
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1339 AD
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Khan Ozbeg renews treaty with
Genoa. They rebuild Kaffa walls.
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1340 AD
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Khan Ozbeg fighting Genoese in
Crimea and then confirms Genoese charter.
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1340 AD
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Grand Prince Ivan I Daniilovich
visits Sarai for 4th or 5th time, Prince Simyeon (his son) also visits along
with all Rus princes called to gather there. Ivan I Daniilovich gets Khan Ozbeg
to approve the conditions of his will ahead of time.
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1341-53 AD
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On death of Ivan I Daniilovich , Simyeon
Ivanovich Gordii, Grand Prince of Vladimir, ruler of Moscow.
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1341 AD
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Konstantin Vasil'yevich (2nd son of
Vasilii Andryevich), prince of Suzdal, wants to
dispute Vladimir with Simyeon. He captures Gorodets and Nizhni-Novgorod and
creates principality of Nizhnigorod.
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1341-77 AD
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Grand Prince Olgerd rules
Lithuania.
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1341-42 AD
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Tinibeg, Khan of Golden Horde.
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1341-47 AD
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John V, Byzantine emperor.
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1342-57 AD
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Jannibeg, Khan of Golden Horde,
Grand Prince Simyeon and Metropolitan Feognost both visit Sarai to swear
allegiance.
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1343 AD
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Riot at Tana between Italians
and Muslims causes Khan Jannibeg to drive both Venice and Genoa out.
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1343-45 AD
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Khan Jannibeg continues to
Crimea to besiege Kaffa.
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1343 AD
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Battle of the Little Borka River.
A two-year long rebellion in Estonia precipitates a war between Pskov and the
Livonian Order. Near Neigauzen the Pskovites are victorious, but no formal
treaty results.
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1344 AD
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Pope Clement VI calls for
crusade to defend Kaffa from the Tatars.
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1346 AD
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Plague from Asia strikes Tatars,
then Tana, then Italians fleeing Tana bring to Kaffa, Tatars besiege city and
perhaps throw bodies into town, (or maybe it was carried on fur skins being
shipped) Genoese ships carry to Europe as "Black Death". 80,000 die
in Crimea.
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1346 AD
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Danish King Valdemar IV sells
Estonia including Narva fortress to the Teutonic Order.
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1347 AD
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Khan Jannibek cuts Venetians at
Tana.
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1347-54 AD
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John VI, Byzantine emperor.
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1347 AD
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Konstantin Mikhailovich again prince of Tver, dies in
1346 or 7. After his death throne goes to Vasilii,
youngest son of Mikhail Yaroslavich who rules for 20 years. But there is
struggle within the ruling family of Tver and Vasilii obtains support from
Moscow while his cousin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich,
appanage prince of Mikulin, gets help from Lithuania. The struggle weakens
Tver. Mikhail also ruled Kashin. But the sons of Aleksandr Mikhailovich (Lev, Fyedor, Mikhail, Vsyevolod,
Andrei, and Vladimir) ruled Kholm, Mikulin, Staritsa and Zubtsov. They will be
heard from later. And the udels of the sons of Konstantin were around Klin.
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1347 AD
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Metropolitans of Gothia
(Theodoro - Mangup) and Sugdaia (Sudak) attend council in Constantinople.
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1347-55
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War between Genoa and Venice
throughout Italy, Mediteranian and Black Seas
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1347 AD
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Following Semyon Ivanovich's extended stay in Novgorod he weds
Princess Marfa (maria) Aleksandrovna of Tver, his third marriage. Meanwhile
King Magnus of Sweden is attempting to convert the Novgorodians to Catholicism
either by words or the sword.
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1348 AD
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Pskov declares independence from
Novgorod.
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1348 AD
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King Magnus of Sweden invades
Russia. Prussians defeat the Lithuanians at Strawe.
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1350 AD
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Treaty, Byzantine Emperor
Andronicus grants Chersonesus to Genoese and prescribes that their ships will
carry all goods.
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1352 AD
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Simeon campaigns with Muscovite
army against Smolensk and forces an agreement recognizing his suzerainty.
Simeon takes Torzhok from Novgorod. the Novgorodian army chooses not to contest
this.
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1353-54 AD
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Venice renews war on Genoa over
trade in Black Sea. Venice soundly defeated at Sapienza, loses entire fleet.
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1353 AD
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Simeon and his sons die from
plague that reaches Moscow from Novgorod -- Metropolitan Feognost dies. Plague
repeats in 1364-5, and every decade until 1425. Russia looses 1/3 of
population.
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1353-59 AD
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Ivan II
Ivanovich, Krasnii, younger brother of Simeon, Grand Prince of Vladimir (and
Moscow)
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1354 AD
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All Rus princes assemble at
Sarai, Khanum Taydula gives Aleksei (to be appointed Metropolitan)
yarlik for visit to Constantinople.
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1355-76 AD
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John V, restored as Byzantine
emperor.
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1355 AD
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Emperor John V, gives Venice
Tenedos island that controls Dardanelles. War between Venice and Genoa again,
Admiral Luciano Doria of Genoa defeated by Vettor Pisani at Pola on Istria
coast.
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1356 AD
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Khan Jannibeg makes treaty with
Venice.
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1356 AD
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Olgered
(Algirdas) grand duke of Lithuania, attacks Smolensk and Briansk and also
captures Rzhev and Belaia. Prince Oleg Ivanovich of
Ryazan takes Lopasnia area along the Oka from Moscow.
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1356 AD
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Russian chronicle mentions
arrival of Tatar ambassador accompanied by merchant "Surozhane".
Surozhe - Sudak becomes name for merchants trading to south having special
privileges.
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1357 AD
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Metropolitan Aleksei cures Khanum
Taydula at Sarai, Jannibeg dies. Aleksei receives Tatar owned area within
Kremlin for the Chudov Monastery.
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1357-59 AD
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Berdibek, Khan of Golden Horde,
he issues yarlik to Aleksei.
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1357 AD
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Kaffa city walls rebuilt.
Genoese also capture Chembalo (Balaklava).
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1358 AD
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Ivan II recaptures Rzhev.
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1359 AD
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First mention of Belii.
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1359 AD
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Khan Berdibek is murdered,
beginning of difficult internal struggle in Kypchak Horde.
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1359-63 AD
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On death of Ivan II,
Dmitrii Konstantinovich, of Suzdal Nishegorod given
yarlik as Grand Prince of Vladimir.
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1359-89 AD
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On death of Ivan II, 9-year-old
Dmitrii Ivanovich, Donskoi becomes Prince of Moscow,
Grand Prince from 1363.
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1360's-70's
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Olgerd is concentrating on
expanding Lithuanian control deep into Ukraine, he takes Chernigiv region.
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1360's AD
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Mikhail
Aleksandrovich, appanage prince of Mikulin is gaining power by uniting large
parts of Tver principality. He has support of his brother-in-law, Olgerd of
Lithuania. Tver has been split into appanages of various brothers and nephews.
Moscow sees danger of unification, especially to its ally, Vasilii of Kashin.
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1360-62 AD
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Khaidar, succedes Qulpa
(1359-60) as Khan of Kypchak Horde, but there is civil war during next few
years over throne of Kypchak Horde.
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1361 AD
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Emir Mamai effectively in
control of western half of Golden Horde.
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1362-63 AD
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Battle of the River Sinivody at
the Southern Bug (left bank tributary of the Bug). This battle has been
mistakenly called the Blue water failing to indicate the precise location.
Grand Prince Olgerd of Lithuania is victorious over
Kadlubak, (Kachibei, Demetrius) - Tatar chieftans from Crimea (Mangup?)
Meanwhile the Teutonic Order with German and French knights besieges Kovno.
Olgerd and Keistut bring Russian-Lithuanian army but decide against battle and
the fortress falls.
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1362-64 AD
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Murad, Khan of Golden Horde -
civil war and multiple khans following him. He gives yarlik to
Dmitrii Konstantinovich of Nizhnigorod.
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1362 AD
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Prussian knights capture Kaunas.
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1363-89 AD
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Dmitrii Ivanovich (Donskoi) given yarlik as
Grand Prince of Vladimir by Khan Murad, but Khan changes his mind because Mamai
favors Dmitrii and returns yarlik to Dmitrii Konstantinovich. But faced
with lack of internal support Dmitrii Konstantinovich gives up and agrees in
1366 to marriage of his daughter with Dmitrii Ivanovich.
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1364 AD
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Rostov and other appanages begin
payment of tribute to Moscow.
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1364 AD
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Pope Urban V issues Bull
promoting more crusading war in Lithuania.
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1365 AD
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Riazan defeats Tatar troops.
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1365 AD
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In July taking advantage of
local conflicts among population groups, Genoa seizes Sudak and 18 local
villages and administers the area as a consulship under Kaffa. Villages are
located not only along the coast but into the interior.
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1365 AD
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Under Mamai, Tatars attempt to
reconquer lost territory from Genoese.
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1365 AD
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Genoese retake Sudak second
time.
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1367 AD
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Dmitrii Ivanovich rebuilds Moscow
kremlin walls from wood to stone, more appanage princes begin payment of
tribute to Moscow.
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1367 AD
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Moscow helps
Vasilii Mikhailovich of Kashin (currently grank
prince of Tver) in attack on Mikhail Aleksandrovich
of Mikulin (both parts of Tver). Mikhail goes to get aid from Lithuania. Olgerd
is already married to Mikhail's sister. Metropolitan Alexis supports Moscow by
supporting the junior princes in Tver.
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1368 AD
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On death of prince Vasilii
Mikhailovich of Kashin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich
occupies the throne of Tver. Seeking to weaken his power and influence, Dmitrii
Ivanovich of Moscow seeks support of the head of the church, Metropolitan
Aleksei. Dmitrii succeeds in capturing and imprisoning Mikhail until the Khan
orders his release. At the end of the summer Dmitrii begins campaign against
Tver. Mikhail calls for help from Lithuania. In October Olgerd (Algirdas) Grand
Duke of Lithuania counterattacks and then besieges Moscow, with detachment also
from Tver, but they are unsuccessful. They burn the surrounding area and
withdraw. On 21 November at the Battle of Lake Trostenskoye, 10 km south of
Rumyantsevo the Muscovite polki are practically destroyed. To fight
Moscow Mikhail also seeks aid of Kypchak Horde. Mikhail obtains yarlik
but Dmitri does not accept that.
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1370 AD
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Dmitrii Konstantinovich sends his brother,
Boris, and son, Vasilii, against Volga Bulgar with
approval of Tatar Khan and Mamai.
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1370 AD
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Dmitri Ivanovich again invades
Tver and Mikhail again gets help from Lithuania and from Horde. Ol'gerd
besieges Moscow second time, unsuccessfully. Mikhail obtains a yarlik
from Mamai's puppet khan.
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1371 AD
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Mikhail again goes and obtains
yarlik from Mamai, while Dmitrii obtains yarlik from Khan at
Sarai. Vladimir Andreyevich (Khrabrii) udel prince
of Serpukhov, Dmitri's cousin, marries Ol'gerd's daughter.
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1372-5 AD
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Renewal of all out war between
Tver and Moscow, Tver also attacks Torzhok, one of Novgorod's main towns.
Ol'gerd's brother, Keistut, and his sons, Vitovt and Andrei, with vassal prince
Dmitrii Drutskii lead Lithuanian troops in bloody raid against Torzhok. Kashin
and Pereyaslavl-Zaleskii. In June Ol'gerd joins the Tverians near Kaluga and on
12 July they approach Moscow. Dmitrii's avant-gard troops conclude peace with
Lithuanians at Rzhyov. The Lithuanian forces include those of Prince
Boris Konstantinovich of Gorodets, Andrei Ivanovich
of Tver, and Yuri Vladimirovich of Pinsk.
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1372 AD
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Kremlin in Nizhni-Novgorod built
in stone.
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1373 AD
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Mamai in revenge sacks Riazan.
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1374 AD
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Mamai's ambassadors and troops
are killed at Nizhegorod by order of Archbishop Dionisii, who is attempting to
instigate hostilities between Mamai and Dmitri.
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1374 AD
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Urus Khan of Kypchak Khanate.
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1375 AD
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Cyprian becomes Metropolitan of
all Rus, (or 1381 ? ) attempts policy of unifying church in all Rus lands.
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1375 AD
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Nekomat (Surozh merchant) and
Ivan Vel'yaminov dealing with Tver against Moscow. Dmitrii launches campaign
against Tver with aid from Suzdal, Nishegorod, Rostov, and Yaroslavl. Unable to
take the fortress by a coup de main, Dmitrii besieges Tver for a month. Dmitrii
gains control over Ryazan and Starodub. Ol'gered does not come to help Tver.
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1375 AD
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Tatars sack Nizhegorod - Dmitrii
of Moscow and Mikhail of Tver sign truce unfavorable to Mikhail. Mikhail
declares himself 'younger brother' of Dmitrii, and Tver agrees to help Moscow
against Tatars.
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1376 AD
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Muhammed Saltan, ruler of Bolgar
and Kazan.
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1376-79 AD
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Andronicus IV, Byzantine
emperor.
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1376 AD
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Dmitrii Ivanovich besieges and
gets tribute from Kazan - Toqtaqya and then Temur Kelik are Khans of the
Kypchak Horde.
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1377 AD
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14 Jan -20 March - Rus campaign
against Tatar vassal, Volga Bolgar, against Tatar wishes.
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1377 AD
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Mamai unites under himself all
power over the western part of the Kypchak Horde from Volga ulus except
Astrakhan ulus of Khadzi Cherkesa, but he is not legal ruler, who is Khan
Tulyak. Mamai's troops attack Nizhnigorod and again in 1378.
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1377 AD
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Grand Duke Olgerd dies, succeeded
by Jagiello as ruler of Lithuania.
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1376-91 AD
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Toqtamish, Khan of White horde,
claims Kypchak Horde also.
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1378 AD
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Toqtamish captures Sarai -
leaving Mamai with control only over Kypchak in western regions. Dmitrii
defeats Mamai's troops led by Beglich, on Vozha River, Tatars burn Nizhegorod,
Metropolitan Aleksei dies.
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1379 AD
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Genoa and Venice at war, each
supporting one side of Byzantine civil war between John V and Andronikus IV,
Genoese blockade Golden Horn.
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1379 AD
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29 Sept. Naval battle in Straits
between Genoese and Venetian navies.
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1379-91 AD
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John V, restored as Byzantine
emperor again.
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1379 AD
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Mamai preparing for offensive
coming from east by Toqtamish. He obtains promise of support from Oleg of
Ryazan and Jagiello of Lithuania.- Pimen becomes Metropolitan of Rus in Moscow.
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1379 AD
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Mitya journey to Kaffa via
Solkhat. He meets Mamai in steppe of north Crimea on way to Constantinople -
receives yarlik from Khan Tulyak for metropolitan of Moscow, arrives
Constantinople at time of Genoese blockade and dies on shipboard.
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1379 AD
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30 Aug. 1.5 months after Mitya
left Moscow, Ivan Vel'yaminov executed for treason.
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1380-86 AD
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Metropolitans of Chersonesus and
Gothia in conflict over villages.
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1380 AD
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Genoese - Venetian war continues
with Genoese fleet blockading Venice and then blockaded itself at Chioggia in
Venician outer harbor area. In June Genoese best fleet surrenders. This is
decisive victory for Venice.
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1380 AD
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September 8, Battle of Kulikovo
Pole, Dmitri Ivanovich (Donskoi) defeats Mamai. Dmitri has 10
"Surozhane" - merchant traders with Crimea - as guides for campaign
across the steppe.
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1380 AD
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28 November, treaty between
Genoese and Mamai, Jarkass, Governor of Solkhat signs in name of khan, Consul
of Kaffa is Giannone del Bosco.
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1380 AD
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Mangup fortifications rebuilt
(under agreement with Toqtamish?).
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1381 AD
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Teutonic Order uses cannon on
Nieman river.
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1381 AD
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Toqtamish defeats Mamai who is
killed in Kaffa, - 23 February, renewed treaty between Genoese and Tatars,
Elias, son of Kotolbega, now Governor of Solkhat signs for Tatars, Toqtamish
now khan.
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1381 AD
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Peace of Turin, ended another
war between Genoa and Venice, Venice forbidden to sail to Tana for 2 years.
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1381 AD
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Ciprian becomes Metropolitan,
visits Sarai in 1385.
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1381 AD
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Keistut takes power in Lithuania
from his nephew, Vitold, with some assistance from Moscow and concludes peace
treaty. Jaigallo murders his uncle, Keistut, and imprisons his cousin, Vitold.
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1382 AD
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Toqtamish campaign against
Moscow, approaches unsuspecting city on 12 August, uses ruse to gain entrance
to city, then sacks it. Boris of Nizhnigorod is Toqtamish ally. Michael of Tver
supports Tatars in hopes of getting yarlik, but is disappointed.
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1382 AD
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Teutonic Order captures Vilnius
and Trakai.
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1383 AD
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Nekomat Surozan executed.
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1384 AD
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Oleg of Ryazan invades Moscow
again, but then signs peace agreement.
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1386 AD
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Venice back sailing to Tana,
renewed war between Genoa and Tatars.
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1386 AD
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Novgorod tries to use Tatar
victory over Moscow to gain more independence. Dmitrii Ivanovich brings army
and extracts promise of Tatar tribute from Novgorod the Great. Jagiello marries
Jadwiga bringing Lithuania and Poland into dynastic union. He is baptised and
made King of Poland.
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1387 AD
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12 August, new treaty between
Genoa and Tatars, Governor of Solkhat signs in name of Toqtamysh, for Genoa -
Giannone del Bosco and Gentile dei Grimaldi
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1387 AD
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Beginning of conflict between
Toqtamysh and Timur (Tamerlane).
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1389 AD
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Pimen reaches Azov via Don in 40
days travel.
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1389 - 1425 AD
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On death of
Dmitrii Ivanovich Donskoi, Vasilii I Dimitriyevich, Grand Prince of Vladimir.
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1391 AD
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Timur renews war against
Toqtamish. He drives Kypchak army north along Volga and defeats Toqtamish on
Kondurcha River (or Sakmara) on 18 June. Vasilii Dimitriyevich is called to
support Toqtamish but manages to keep his army north of the Ik River. Skirting
Suzdal and Ryazan territories he crosses the steppe beyond the Don. But once
there he is compelled to marry Sofia, daughter of Vitvot of Lithuania. He
brings his bride back to Moscow.
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1391-1425 AD
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Manuel II, Byzantine emperor .
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1392 AD
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Vitvot, son of Keistut, turns
away from the Teutonic Order and by Treaty of Ostrow receives the Duchy of
Trokai and part of Volhynia with its castle at Lusk.
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1392 AD
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Vasilii I IDmitriyevich takes
advantage of Tatar weakness to sieze Nizhni-Novgorod.
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1392 AD
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Teutonic Order captures Polish
duchy of Dobrzyn.
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1393- 1430 AD
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Vitvot (Vytautus) grand duke of
Lithuania.
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1394 AD
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Tetrak, ruler of Bolgar and
Kazan.
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1395 AD
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Vitvot captures Smolensk while
Vasilii remains neutral.
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1395 AD
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Tamerlane campaigns against
Toqtamish, wins decisive battle on 14 April on Terek River, sacks Sarai,
destroys Tana on 14 September, destroys much of Crimea, his army rampages to
Dniper, but he refrains from marching on Moscow due to danger from Kypchaks on
his flanks. His supporter in Crimea is Tash Timur, Toqtamish flees to
Lithuania.
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1396-97 AD
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Toqtamish returns, attacks Kaffa
successfully defended by Genoese. His army is attacked in rear by troops of
Khan Timur Qutlugh.
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1397 AD
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Vitvot and Vasilii I conduct
joint campaign against Novgorod.
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1397-98 AD
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Vitvot begins campaigns deep into
steppe as far as Black Sea allied with Toqtamish's Tatars. They have army now
equipped with pischali (hand guns) and cannon and depart Kyiv for Crimea. On 8
September 1397 they are victorious over small forces of Timur Qutlugh and
Yedigei near Kaffa. During the 1397 campaign Vitvot takes Kariate families from
Chufu-Kale to settle at Trakai. Then in 1398 Timur Qutlugh defeats Toqtamish
and forces his return to Lithuania. Toqtamish agrees to treaty with Vitvot
giving the latter the ulus of Moscow in exchange for further help in war
against Timur Qutlugh
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1397-99 AD
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Yedigei in Crimea ruling for
Khan in civil war, in process Tatars attack and burn Chersonesus, virtual end
of the city.
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1397-8 AD
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Vasilii I Dmitriyevich campaigns
to north and takes North Dvinia land from Novgorod, but Novgorod recaptures the
area the following year.
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1398 AD
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Teutonic Order takes Gotland and
is given Samogitia by Vitvot.
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1399 AD
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Khan Timur Qutlugh defeats
Toqtamish and Grand Duke Vitvot (Vytautus) at Vorskla River on 12 August. Many
Lithuanian princes are killed. This is decisive blow to Lithuanian efforts on
Black Sea coast. Prince Yurii Svyatoslavich regains
his city at Smolensk, but loses it again in 1403-4.
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1399 AD
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Mikhail
Aleksandrovich of Tver wills almost all his lands to his oldest son,
Ivan, thus greatly strengthening the principality by
avoiding the usual breakup into separate udels.
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