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Cirrha or Kirra was a town in ancient Phocis on the coast, which served
as the harbour of Delphi. Pausanias erroneously supposes that Cirrha was a
later name of the Homeric Crissa. They were two separate towns, with
interlinked histories. Crissa was more ancient than Cirrha, and was situated
inland a little southwest of Delphi, at the southern end of a projecting spur
of Mount Parnassus. Crissa gave name to the Crissaean Gulf, and its ruins may
still be seen at a short distance from the modern village of Chrisso. Cirrha
was built subsequently at the head of the gulf, and rose into a town from being
the port of Crissa. This is in accordance with what we find in the history of
other Grecian states. The original town is built upon a height at some distance
from the sea, to secure it against hostile attacks, especially by sea; but in
course of time, when property has become more secure, and the town itself has
grown in power, a second place springs up on that part of the coast which had
served previously as the port of the inland town. This was undoubtedly the
origin of Cirrha, which was situated at the mouth of the river Pleistus, and at
the foot of Mount Cirphis.
In course of time the sea-port town of Cirrha increased at the expense of
Crissa; and the sanctuary of Pytho grew into the town of Delphi, which claimed
to be independent of Crissa. Thus Crissa declined, as Cirrha and Delphi rose in
importance. The power of Cirrha excited the jealousy of the Delphians, more
especially as the inhabitants of the former city commanded the approach to the
temple by sea. Moreover, the Cirrhaeans levied exorbitant tolls upon the
pilgrims who landed at the town upon their way to Delphi, and were said to have
maltreated Phocian women on their return from the temple. In consequence of
these outrages, the Amphictyons declared war, the First Sacred War, against the Cirrhaeans about
595, and at the end of ten years besieged (see Siege of Cirrha) and succeeded
in taking the city, which was razed to the ground, and the plain in its
neighbourhood dedicated to Apollo, and curses imprecated upon any one who
should till or dwell in it. Cirrha is said to have been taken by a stratagem
which is ascribed by some to Solon. The town was supplied with water by a canal
from the river Pleistus. This canal was turned off, filled with hellebore, and
then allowed to resume its former course; but scarcely had the thirsty
Crissaeans drank of the poisoned water, than they were so weakened by its
purgative effects that they could no longer defend their walls. This account
sounds like a romance; but it is a curious circumstance that near the ruins of
Cirrha there is a salt spring having a purgative effect like the hellebore of
the ancients. Cirrha was thus destroyed; but the fate of Crissa is uncertain.
It is not improbable that Crissa had sunk into insignificance before this war,
and that some of its inhabitants had settled at Delphi, and others at Cirrha.
At all events, it is certain that Cirrha was the town against which the
vengeance of the Amphictyons was directed. The spoils of Cirrha were employed
by the Amphictyons in founding the Pythian Games. Near the ruins of the town in
the Cirrhaean plain was the Hippodrome, and in the time of Pindar the Stadium
also. The Hippodrome always remained in the maritime plain; but at a later time
the Stadium was removed to Delphi. Cirrha remained in ruins, and the Cirrhaean
plain continued uncultivated down to the time of Philip II of Macedon, the
father of Alexander the Great, when the Amphissians dared to cultivate again
the sacred plain, and attempted to rebuild the ruined town. This led to the
Second Sacred War, in which Amphissa was taken by Philip, to whom the
Amphictyons had entrusted the conduct of the war, in 338. Cirrha, however, was
afterwards rebuilt as the port of Delphi. It is first mentioned again by
Polybius; and in the time of Pausanias (2nd century) it contained a temple
common to Apollo, Artemis, and Leto, in which were statues of Attic work.
Between Crissa and Cirrha was a fertile plain, bounded on the north by
Parnassus, on the east by Cirphis, and on the west by the mountains of the
Ozolian Locrians. On the western side it extended as far north as Amphissa,
which was situated at the head of that part of the plain. This plain, as lying
between Crissa and Cirrha, might be called either the Crissaean or Cirrhaean,
and is sometimes so designated by the ancient writers; but, properly speaking,
there appears to have been a distinction between the two plains. The Cirrhaean
plain was the small plain near the town of Cirrha, extending from the sea as
far as the modern village of Xeropegado, where it is divided by two projecting
rocks from the larger and more fertile Crissaean plain, which stretches as far
as Crissa and Amphissa. The small Cirrhaean plain on the coast was the one
dedicated to Apollo after the destruction of Cirrha. The name of the Crissaean
plain in its more extended sense might include the Cirrhaean, so that the
latter may be regarded as a part of the former. The boundaries of the land
dedicated to the god were inscribed on one of the walls of the Delphian temple.
The site of ancient Cirrha is identified at a hill called Magoula Xeropigadas
near the modern village of Kirra, which reflects the ancient name, within the
bounds of the municipal unit of Itea. As of the mid-19th century, the remains
of walls, enclosing a quadrangular space about a mile (1.6 km) in circuit,
could be traced; and both within and without this space are the foundations of
many large and small buildings.
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