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SOVIET VOROSHILOV ACADEMY LECTURES
PRACTICAL LESSONS

 

OUTLINE FOR POI




 

LESSON 2: STAFF PROCEDURES DURING DECISION MAKING

 
 

Instructor Notes:
Author: Jalali, Sloan, Wardak

1. General: This one hour sublesson is focused on the manner in which Soviet commanders and staff interact, especially during the decision making process. The relationship between the other principal artillery officers is also described.


2 Sub-lesson Introduction: Explain to the students that they will be acting as commanders and chiefs of artillery in their work with the OPFOR teams. They will have a brief opportunity to experience the practical of this through role playing in the latter hours. In this lesson you will describe the complex interactive process in which the Soviet commander and his chief of artillery develop their plans for operations and battles. side


3. Teacher Learning Objective: During one hour, and indeed during one short course, the students cannot be expected to become proficient staff officers, Soviet or otherwise. However, they should be given a clear picture of the Soviet decision process and the actions and contributions of the various officers. The following tasks are planned to contribute to their understanding.


Task: Describe the general Soviet sequence and procedure for decision making.

Condition: Given assigned reference and student handouts.

Standard: The discussion should show the logical and chronological flow of information and decisions from one level headquarters to the next lower headquarters as well as the flow back and forth between the commander (command channel) and the chief of artillery (staff specialty - combat arm and special troops channel). Use the flow diagram as an illustration, but stress that it is only a very austere representation of a very rich and complex process involving a large number of officers. Then discuss the sequential nature of the commander's decision process. Use the diagram of the steps of the decision making process from clarification of mission through estimate of situation to deductions and decision. This subject will be discussed in much more detail in the course on operations planning, but should be mentioned here as a reminder.


Task: Describe the interaction between the headquarters staff (ie operations, reconnaissance, etc) and the staff of the artillery directorate during the decision making process.

Condition: Given assigned reference and student handouts.

Standard: The description should show how the two groups of staff officers interact to support their principals between the time the directives are received by the headquarters and the commander makes his decision for the forthcoming operation. The students should come to realize that, in effect, when playing the role of chief of artillery of a headquarters, they are also simulating the efforts of an entire artillery staff of specialists.


Task: Describe the sequence and procedure for work by the chief of artillery and his staff in making decisions on the employment of artillery.

Condition: Given assigned reference and student handouts.

Standard: This description should focus on the methods including calculations used the artillery commander and staff to take the commander's decision and develop it into a full plan for the employment of artillery. There is only time to show and explain briefly the calculations. The class will not be expected to memorize these, but only know where they can look to find examples when they need them.

Task: Discuss the nature of artillery subordination.

Condition: Given assigned reference and student handouts.

Standard: Students should be familiar with US concepts for attachment and support. Their reading contains a brief description of the Soviet concept. Question one or two students to initiate a short discussion of the similarity and differences between US and Soviet concepts.


Task: Describe the Soviet procedure and purpose for forming artillery groups at regiment, division, and army level.

Condition: Given assigned reference and student handouts.

Standard: Thorough understanding of this topic will be essential for the students to complete the practical exercises on distribution of artillery. The description should include presentation of the basic norms for the sizes of these artillery groups, the missions normally assigned to them in the offense and defense, their locations on the ground in the combat formation, and when they are formed and disbanded. The temporary and task oriented nature of artillery groups must be stressed, as well as their role as executors rather than planners of artillery support.


Task: Describe the relationship between combined arms commander, chief of artillery, commanders of artillery units, and commanders of artillery groups.

Condition: Given assigned reference and student handouts.

Standard: This is one of the more difficult concepts for many students to understand. A brief lecture presenting the material will be best. Presentation by means of a diagram should help. The key concepts are: that the chief of artillery is the constant staff advisor on artillery to his commander who plans and exercises control over all the artillery elements in or supporting a unit (ie mortars, anti-tank weapons, rockets, as well as artillery pieces); that all artillery units and formations have permanent commanders who have heavy combat responsibilities, especially for target assignment and decisions on firing; and that the artillery groups (RAG, DAG, AAG, ARAG) are temporary organizations in which a number of artillery battalions will be grouped to facilitate coordinated fire and that these groups also must have individual commanders.


Task: Describe the Soviet antitank reserve.

Condition: Given assigned reference and student handouts.

Standard: The description should include the composition, mission, deployment and method of action of antitank reserves for regiment, division, army, and front. Emphasize the difference between antitank units themselves and their role as the antitank reserve. Also include discussion of their interaction with the mobile obstacle detachments.


Task: Describe Soviet combat supporting measures for artillery.

Condition: Given assigned reference and student handouts.

Standard: The description should begin with a general explanation of the Soviet category of combat support measures. These are standard throughout the ground forces. (The air, naval and missile forces have their own combat support measures.) Some of these actions (such as reconnaissance and maskirovka) will be covered in separate courses. Others will be treated in a general way in relation to operations of combined arms units. However, the student should become aware that each of these is also something that the artillery command and staff plans and monitors with relation to its specific application to artillery.



4. Level of Instruction: Analysis.



5. Method of Instruction: This hour is mostly lecture with as much discussion as the instructor can generate on those issues already familiar to the students.



6. Author's Intent: Overall - In this hour the students learn about the procedural relationships in Soviet headquarters which govern the interaction of commanders and staff officers. They focus in particular on the role of the Chief of Rocket Troops and Artillery and on the interaction of the commander and chief of RT&A during the decision making process at front, army, and division levels. It will first review the principles of troop control and the key steps in the decision process itself.

a. sequence of decision - Students will have read some background text. The instructor will focus on the diagram (flow chart) which shows the process of personal interaction between the commander and the chief of artillery at each headquarters as well as the flow of command documents between headquarters. Spend less time on the diagram of the steps of the commander's decision process and remind the students that this subject is studied in more detail in the course on operations.

b. interaction of staffs - This section continues the discussion of the relation of artillery to combined arms with focus on the role of the entire artillery staff and the operations staff in the preparation of plans, instructions, and directives. Instructor may discuss the coming practical exercise in role playing in which students can take the places of commander and artillery chief in working out practical planning problem.

c. sequence of procedure of work - The instructor will show the content which is expected by Soviets from their artillery staff and the prior preparations required by the artillery staff in order to be ready to provide this content. Samples of documents that will be prepared during later practical exercises may be shown.

d. grouping of artillery - Instructor will lead examination of the tables showing standard norms for the numbers of artillery battalions in artillery groups and norms for density of artillery under various conditions. This information will be used in later practical exercises.

e. nature of artillery subordination - Instructor leads a brief discussion of U.S. and Soviet concepts for subordination (attached versus support roles). Students will have written text of definitions.

f. relationship between combined arms commander and artillery - The Soviets not only have a chief of artillery on the staff of regiment, division, and army commanders, but also a commander of the artillery groups formed to support each of these forces. (There are also commanders for the various artillery battalions, regiments, and brigades which compose the artillery groups.) In this period the instructor will discuss the differences in the roles of these artillery officers and how they work together with the combined arms commanders and staffs.

g. antitank reserves - Instructor reviews the standard norms for quantity and density of antitank artillery and discusses general principles for creation of antitank reserves. This information will be applied in later practical exercises.

h. combat support measures - The students should understand the nature of the concept of combat support in general and its specific application to artillery. The nine categories of activity classified as combat support measures are applicable to all branches and types of units. In fact some of them will be the subject of entire classes in this series. However, in this section the student should learn how they are planned for and supplied to artillery.



7. Equipment/Materials

Materials required

Staff procedure during decision making - This period is a lecture requiring viewgraphs and several wall charts in addition to the outside reading.



8. Homework: Students should read the references given for lesson I. The book on the artillery commander by Peredelski is especially relevant. For simplicity we have transcribed extracts from the Peredelski book as well as from sections of the Handbook and the Voroshilov Materials.



9. Annexes

Discussion agenda
Lecture notes
List of View graphs

 
 

LESSON 2 DISCUSSION AGENDA


2 min - Lesson Introduction: Show the agenda for the lesson and explain its purpose and place in the course.
VG 1
10 min a. sequence and procedure in decision making (diagram)
VG 2-3


7 min b. interaction between the staff and artillery staff during the decision making
VG 4


7 min c. sequence and procedure of work of the chief of artillery and his staff to make the decision on combat employment of artillery and planning the artillery support.
VG 5


7 min d. relationship between combined arms commander, chief of artillery, commander of artillery group (unit)
VG 6-7


4 min e. nature of artillery subordination
- attached;
- direct support;
- support.
VG 8


5 min f. grouping of artillery at the front, army, division, and regiment level
VG 9-13


5 min g. antitank reserves, composition, mission, deployment, and method of action
VG 14-18


10 min h. combat supporting measures of artillery:
VG 19-21
- reconnaissance;
-protection against mass-destruction;
-radio-electronic combat;
- maskirovka;
- security;
- topogeodetic support;
- meteorological support;
- rear service support;
- technical support.



 
 

LECTURE NOTES FOR LECTURE 2

Report of chief of artillery mentions what is known and also what is missing and needs to be learned.

What enemy group - name and how many rockets they have

If enemy uses nuclear strike what he is capable of destroying.

What is their range for targeting.

The formation or unit's nuclear artillery - what is its capability

What depth they can fire.

1. Make report on capability of NATO rockets and artillery targets to hit
- conventional artillery.

2. Status of own forces
- status - location - capability some units are in depth some in position - some on move
- capability and status - what quantity and composition
- how many launchers and what yield etc.

3. Composition and capability of division, army or front artillery
- strength in personnel and equipment
- list numbers and information
- nuclear and chemical rounds for operation
-R300-2 R65-3
- how much destruction they can produce
-units of fire supply and support of artillery

Chief then tells what missions artillery can be employed to do.

Mentions targets of nuclear strike.

4. Number of rockets use against targets - - -

5. What artillery units need to be set up on basis of width of defense and breakthrough sector.

- create artillery groups
-1/3 fire
-1/3 move
-1/3 get ready

 
 

During the clarification of the mission by the commander the actions of the artillery staff include the following:
- clarifying the instructions from the higher artillery staff and missile forces;
- informing officers and staff of artillery on the received missions;
- preparing initial instructions for preparation of troops and staffs of artillery and rocket for the forthcoming operation;
- regrouping of staff officers to fulfill their missions (tasks);
- preparing graphics of the daily activities of the staff;
- preparing data on the situation and status of artillery forces;
- preparing data and calculations on the combat capabilities of the artillery;
- preparing data and calculations on situation, status, and combat capabilities of enemy rocket forces and artillery;
- preparing suggestions on combat employment of missile troops and artillery in the operation;
- preparing the maps and other documents for planning;
- distributing the preparation time to subordinates;
- organizing artillery reconnaissance, planning, issuing combat missions to subordinates, deploying the artillery from the concentration areas to the FUP areas, engineer fortification of firing positions and command posts of artillery, recognisrovka of terrain if conducted, combat support measures, monitoring and rending assistance.
- preparing the calendar plan for preparation, planning, and documents and preparation of artillery troops for fulfilling operations.
- organizing artillery reconnaissance.



Actions of Artillery Staff After Commander Makes his Decision
- preparation and writing combat orders to the missile and artillery forces;
- preparation of combat instructions on artillery to the subordinate staffs;
- preparation of plan for conduct of missile troops and artillery and the annexes for the plan;
- participation in the planning for the initial nuclear strike;
- participation in planning for air assault and other special plans;
- participation in terrain recognisirovka if conducted;
- participation in planning for interaction;
- organization of political work in staffs and troops;
- preparation of planning of combat support( resupply of nuclear, chemical and conventional warheads, resupply of ammunition, fuel, material means equipment)
- planning repair of artillery weapons;
- preparation of combat technical equipment and vehicles, and tractors, command post machines, equipment of artillery, fire means, meteorological and topo-geodetic equipment;
- organization of command post of artillery and support of communication systems to subordinates;
- control of missile troops and artillery on their preparation;
- control of artillery as they occupy the FUP areas;
- preparation of the duty rocket units;
- preparation of missile forces to participate in the initial nuclear strike;
- preparation and monitoring main and alternate fire positions;
- organization of protection of artillery and missile against enemy use of mass destruction weapons;
- monitoring and offering assistance;
- some of these activities may begin during the first period depending on the situation.



Role of regiment artillery officer versus artillery battalion CO vs. RAG commander.

Regimental artillery officer controls all artillery supporting the regiment without direct command. This includes the battalion mortars, the RAG if there is one or the regiment's own artillery battalion, and the antitank reserve. He makes changes and plans. The RAG commander is a different person. He is the executive who conducts artillery fire, particularly during the artillery preparatory fire, which is the main phase in which a RAG will be formed anyway. The commanders of artillery battalions have their hands full with their personal responsibility to control the fire of their battalion, which they do from an observation post/ command post, where they personally select targets. When there is a (temporary) RAG formed, it will require the full attention of its (temporary) commander to distribute the targets among the battalions and maintain close coordination both between the artillery units and between the artillery and the supported motor rifle unit.

Meanwhile the regimental chief of artillery is with his regimental commander advising him on what the artillery is doing and what it can do and issuing instructions not only to the RAG, but also to the mortars and anti-tank reserve. This is in itself a full time and critical responsibility. The regimental commander needs to have someone close by who can respond to his needs to insure that the massive artillery support available is fully employed. Moreover, the regimental chief of artillery, through his own staff, must look out for ammunition and POL supply and maintenance requirements.

Furthermore, it is important to remember that the RAG is generally created to conduct the artillery preparation for an attack, which almost be definition means an attack on some level of prepared defense. For this the artillery will have moved forward and deployed into firing positions well before the attack, while the rifle and tank units are still in FUP areas far to the rear. Therefor the regimental chief of artillery will be back with his regimental commander and not available to supervise the elaborate preparation of these artillery battalions. Furthermore the artillery preparatory fire is a responsibility of the division artillery staff, who will have assembled both the targets and guns into one comprehensive plan and issued the target lists to the RAG commander, not the regimental chief of artillery.

The regimental chief of artillery really comes to the fore when the regiment advances into combat (after the artillery preparatory fire is completed, and during the assault support fire) and fire must be shifted from pre-planned targets to more immediate concerns and new targets. Then when the regiment continues the advance and artillery shifts to accompanying fire (at which time the RAG may break up and the individual artillery battalions be divided into those directly supporting each rifle battalion and those remaining under direct control of the regiment), the regiment chief of artillery will have even more coordination to accomplish.



Anti-tank reserves

In the offensive there are anti-tank reserves from front to army to division and regiment. The anti-tank reserve missions are as follows:
- repel counterattacks;
- destroy enemy tanks;
- cover flank of second-echelon at time it enters combat;
- destroy airborne landings;
- cover open flanks of attacking formations during other times.

Anti-tank reserve in front if reinforced by units from the VGK reserve 1-2 established on main attack axis. Each reserve is one artillery brigade or one artillery regiment. An army has anti-tank artillery regiment. Sometimes army has 2 axis with an anti-tank reserve on each. But the norm for army is only 1 artillery reserve. If army reserve created from reinforcement from front or VGK, then army gives its own regiment to division on main attack. Division also create artillery reserve - basis of its own artillery battalion.

Division anti-tank battalion it gives to regiment on main attack axis. Each MRR has anti-tank artillery reserve as well.
The width of coverage norms are in the table in Handbook.
- artillery plat - 400 m;
- artillery battery - 3 plat - 1.2 km width;
- battery can't cover more than 1-2 km wide;
- artillery battalion - 3-4 km wide;
- artillery regiment 8-12 km wide;
- artillery brigade 15-20 km wide.

These are capabilities of these units for each artillery reserve. The front they cover consists of 3-4 lines in depth.

Preplanned lines of fire - lines against counterattack 5-10 km apart.



The artillery plan shows artillery reserve and fire lines on the map. For army and division artillery reserves location of enemy tank units they may encounter and their axis of advance.

The concept of the operation overall shows - where to commit second-echelon - where river crossing - where counterattack - where consolidate on seized lines, etc. where division line of repelling enemy counterattack will be. All of these are best locations to preplan anti-tank reserve lines for deployment.


For the army plan it is concerned to repel the counterattack of corps reserve and where to commit second-echelon division.

Front is concerned to repel counterblow of enemy.

As a rule anti-tank reserve operates in coordination with engineer reserve - detachment mobile obstacle.

Each anti-tank reserve line of fire is determined.

During offensive the distance depends on comparative distance between front lines, might be as much as 10 km.

The timing depends on own troops and enemy action.

The deployment depends on size of the reserve.

ATGM are located in areas where can see ground 3,000 m in front.

AT guns located where they can have maximum distance of fire.

ATGM better located higher ground.

AT unit has small arms - SAM - etc. for own defense.

It can establish also mine field with density of 1 mine per meter.

In offense 800-1,200 m frontage for mining unit.

In defense can lay obstacles better.



Combat Support Measures
VG 1. reconnaissance
2. prep positions - use training exercise - create several alternate positions. Attacking combined arms units are coming from interior, as they cross border and attack enemy's main positions deep in enemy territory, then position for artillery are prepared during operation.

All artillery equipment, weapons, OP's, etc. must be concealed and camouflaged.

3. maskirovka in different forms and methods |
- use of local materials and terrain and colors use camouflage nets

Air defense of artillery group and rockets - means of air defense of front and army and division forces.

4. Defense of forces against mass-destruction - in support measures established in an area system to cover entire front area - during operation area expands and reserves of VGK may be provided

Protection against mass-destruction - must be organized in combat support measures - includes reconnaissance and surveillance and warning of enemy nuclear attack. - organization and prep of rescue detachments.

Evacuation of forces during enemy nuclear attack a complex condition is created - difficult - each nuclear burst becomes a center of casualties.
-directions to leave area also specified
-conduct of special decontamination also planned

5. Prepare of supply of ammunition

Combat Readiness as troops assemble in local concentration (alert) area on alert
- reception area set up by local commissariat to receive reservists - these people join unit after it is in field
- check documents and registration etc. in first place - vehicle sent one place - to collect staff and troops
- vehicles which pass test go to marshal personnel, ones that don't pass are returned
- - another place to repair equipment

Representative of unit will divide group into several groups individuals assigned by specialty or as needed.

Supply system principle - from higher to lower - higher is responsible for supply - all formations units subunits have norms for supply.

Picture of units of fire description in army - front bases etc.

Rear service support
- all supplies for army division and regiment are mobile reserves in mobile base - at front level forward base is mobile but front rear bases not mobile

Topographic and hydrometerological are support measures-
- the planning - firing data is provided by these.

Radio-electronic is critical support measure.
- mission protect own radio from enemy attack
-- jam-suppression etc.
-REC aspect for artillery is to protect artillery ?
-- offensive REC is conducted by others
- VG on combat readiness
|
There are three levels of readiness of rocket troops
- constant level - normal peacetime level at full strength etc. conduct training according to plan not in conservation status - but at ready level for operations.
-Higher Combat Readiness
Pay much attention - try to cut time for units to leave garrison to minutes - want to get out before rocket from US reaches - 25 min
-tank regiment in garage - tank engines turned on from central location - tanks remotely turned on so engines were warm by the time men got there.
-duty officer could push button - turn on engines panel of lights show which measured status and achievement of various stages of preparation.



 
 

LIST OF VIEWGRAPHS LESSON 2


VG 1- Lesson outline
VG 2- Flow Diagram of decisions and staff work between headquarters
VG 3- Diagrams of sequence of decision making process
VG 4- Interaction of staffs
VG 5- Action of artillery staff after decision
VG 6- Sequence of work of artillery chief and commander
VG 7- Relationship of regimental artillery officers
VG 8- Artillery subordination
VG 9- Artillery groups established during penetration of enemy defenses
VG 10- Principle missions of the army artillery group
VG 11- Army reactive artillery group
VG 12- Missions of divisions artillery group's
VG 13- Regimental artillery group (RAG)
VG 14- Anti-tank reserve tasks
VG 15- Coverage capability in width of front
VG 16- Typical composition of anti-tank reserves
VG 17- Missions of anti-tank reserves
VG 18- Front anti-tank reserve
VG 19- Elements included in combat supporting measures
VG 20- Reasons for taking combat supporting measures
VG 21 - Combat support measures of artillery

 
 

ARTILLERY - LESSON II

 
 

STAFF PROCEDURES IN DECISION - MAKING


Flow of directives and instructions between headquarters

Steps in decision process

Interaction of commander and staff officers

Headquarters activities in support of commander

Work of artillery staff

Types of artillery subordination

Artillery groups

Artillery commanders

Anti-tank reserves

Combat support measures

 

INTERACTION OF STAFFS

During the clarification of the mission by the commander the actions of the artillery staff include the following:
- clarifying the instructions from the higher staff;
-/informing officers and staff on the received missions;
- preparing initial instructions;
- regrouping of staff officers;
- preparing graphics of the daily activities;
- preparing data on artillery forces;
- preparing data and calculations on the artillery;
- preparing data and calculations on enemy rocket forces and artillery;
- preparing suggestions on combat employment of missile troops and artillery;
- preparing the maps and other documents for planning;
- distributing the preparation time to subordinates;
- organizing artillery planning, issuing combat missions to subordinates, deploying the artillery from the concentration areas to the FUP areas, engineer fortification of firing positions and command posts of artillery, recognisrovka of terrain, combat support measures, monitoring and rending assistance.
- preparing the calendar plan;
- organizing artillery reconnaissance.

 
 

ACTIONS OF ARTILLERY STAFF AFTER COMMANDER'S DECISION

- preparation and writing combat orders;
- preparation of combat instructions;
- preparation of plan and its annexes;
- participation in the planning for the initial nuclear strike;
- participation in planning for air assault and other special plans;
- participation in terrain recognisirovka if conducted;
- participation in planning for interaction;
- organization of political work in staffs and troops;
- preparation of planning of combat support
- planning repair of artillery weapons;
- preparation of combat technical equipment;
- organization of command post of artillery and support of communication systems to subordinates;
- control of missile troops and artillery on their preparation;
- control of artillery as they occupy the FUP areas;
- preparation of the duty rocket units;
- preparation of missile forces to participate in the initial nuclear strike;
- preparation and monitoring main and alternate fire positions;
- organization of protection of artillery and missile against enemy use of mass destruction weapons;
- monitoring and offering assistance;

 
 

SEQUENCE OF ORGANIZATION - ARTILLERY COMMANDER CHIEF OF RT&A

Receives operational mission Receives instructions from Chief RT&A

Clarifies mission Clarifies instructions

Briefs Chief of RT&A Report to commander on artillery on outcome of clarification missions received from higher hqs and issues initial instruction

Make estimate of situation Does the following:
- with staff assistance estimate situation on basis of higher echelon's instructions.
- issue instructions to artillery units on combat readiness, reconnaissance, and artillery cover, etc.
- coordinate artillery tasks with air army.
- prepare suggestions to commander on establishment of artillery groups and employment of artillery means.
-Commander makes decision and issues missions

Chief RT&A conducts:
-clarification of artillery mission.
-estimate of situation.
- makes decision on use of artillery.

Staff conducts planning Staff participates and contributes including completes the artillery plan and annexes such as initial nuclear strike.


 
 

RELATIONSHIP OF REGIMENTAL ARTILLERY OFFICERS

Role of regimental (other) chief of artillery.
- planning artillery fire
- ammunition supply
- regrouping artillery
- coordination of artillery and other fire

Role of artillery unit commanders
- all command functions
- direct artillery fire from CP/OP

Role of artillery group commanders
- execute fire preparation missions
- integrate and shift fire of multi-battalion force

 
 

ARTILLERY SUBORDINATION

- attached;
- direct support;
- support.

 
 

ARTILLERY GROUPS ESTABLISHED DURING PENETRATION OF ENEMY DEFENSES

army artillery group (AAG);

army's reactive artillery group (AGRA);

divisional artillery group (DAG);

regimental artillery groups (RAG).

 
 

PRINCIPLE MISSIONS OF THE ARMY ARTILLERY GROUP

destroy enemy nuclear delivery means and fight against them;

destroy and suppress enemy artillery;

reinforce first-echelon division's fire, particularly divisions attacking the main direction;

destroy and suppress enemy immediate reserves, particularly on directions of penetration and main attacks;

fire assistance (support) of large units operating on directions of main attacks;

disrupt enemy command and control.


 
 

ARMY REACTIVE ARTILLERY GROUP

multiple rocket launcher battalions from front VGK division;

used on main attack axis;

capable of rapid maneuver.


 
 

MISSIONS OF DIVISION ARTILLERY GROUP'S

fight enemy nuclear delivery means;

destroy and suppress enemy immediate reserves;

destroy and suppress enemy artillery;

reinforce fire of regiments artillery groups.


 
 

REGIMENTAL ARTILLERY GROUP (RAG)

3-4 battalions;

missions in direct support of regiment;

part supports first echelon battalions and then may be attached for accompanying fire.


 
 

ANTI-TANK RESERVES

front anti-tank reserve;

army anti-tank reserve;

division anti-tank reserve;

regiment anti-tank reserve;

mobile obstacle detachment


 
 

COVERAGE CAPABILITY AGAINST TANKS IN TERMS OF WIDTH OF FRONT

platoon covers a 400 m front;

battery covers a 1,000-1,200 m front;

division's separate antitank battalion may cover a 3-4 km front;

army's antitank regiment may cover a 8-19 km front;

an antitank brigade of the Supreme High Command's reserve may cover a 15-20 km front;

average army of 5 divisions may have 594 antitank weapons, with a norm of 2 tanks destroyed per weapon this gives total of 1200 enemy tanks or the tanks of 4 to 5 enemy divisions.


 
 

TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF ANTITANK RESERVES AT DIFFERENT LEVELS

division's separate antitank battalion constitutes the divisional antitank reserve;

army's antitank regiment constitutes the army's antitank reserve;

antitank brigade of the Supreme High Command reserve may constitute front antitank reserves.


 
 

MISSIONS OF ANTITANK RESERVES

destroy enemy tanks which have penetrated into the defense;

reinforce antitank defense;

repulse enemy strikes of large units of tanks;

cover flanks of second-echelon troops against tank attacks during the conduct of counterblows;

destroy enemy airborne troops;

cover opened and threatened flanks.

 
 

FRONT ANTI-TANK RESERVE

deploy 60-70 km from FEBA on likely tank axis;

establish 2-3 fire lines, 10 km apart;

front anti-tank reserve plus anti-tank reserve of one army may cover 30-31 km. of front and repel attack of up to 2 enemy divisions.

 
 

COMBAT SUPPORT MEASURES OF ARTILLERY

artillery reconnaissance;

prepare artillery positions, protected places (shelters) for personnel, covered areas for vehicles and equipment, observation posts and facilities, and protected places for ammunition;

conceal (maskirovka) positions and terrain, engineer work, and weapons and combat equipment;

air defense against enemy air strikes;

protect troops against mass-destruction weapons;

supply ammunition and artillery equipment;

topogeodetic, topographic, and hydrometeorological support;

radio-electronic combat.


 
 

REASONS FOR COMBAT SUPPORTING MEASURES

to create favorable conditions for friendly fires;

to reduce the effectiveness of enemy nuclear and conventional fire and actions of enemy troops;

to destroy the enemy's troop control system.


 
 

ELEMENTS IN COMBAT SUPPORTING MEASURES

acquisition of reconnaissance and reconfirming reconnaissance information on enemy targets;

preparation of position areas;

concealment of (maskirovka) of position, engineer installations of the terrain, weapons and combat equipment;

protection of troops against enemy mass-destruction weapons;

close security;

defense against enemy air strikes;

radio-electronic combat;

rocket supporting measures;

topogeodetic, topographic, and hydrometeorological support;

rear service, material, and medical support.


 
 

THREE LEVELS OF COMBAT-READINESS FOR ROCKET TROOPS

1. Constant Combat-Readiness of Rocket Troops: Personnel conduct their routine training in accordance with designated plans and are capable of conducting assigned missions. Equipment is ready for combat employment. Armament, ammunition, and material means are supplied up to the norms.

2. Higher Combat-Readiness: A state of combat-readiness from which the units and subunits may be brought to full combat-readiness in the shortest time In this state of combat-readiness all units and subunits are brought back to the garrison from exercise areas and other off-post duties. They are put on a full on-post accommodation. Combat duty detail is reinforced and combat service is conducted in full combat-readiness. Officers and men are called back from leave status. Ammunition, material means, and other supplies and equipment are loaded on vehicles. Units and subunits are ready to move out from the garrison. Operational groups with signal communication means are detached to command posts. Two to three hours is required to bring the rocket troops to the state of higher readiness.

3. Full Combat-Readiness: Assumed in accordance with the plan or on combat alert signals. Under this state of combat-readiness the units and subunits move out of their garrisons to assembly areas and position areas. They then occupy fire positions. Units and subunits conduct technical readiness, launching pads (systems) are loaded, and units get prepared for the conduct of missions. Units and subunits in assembly areas are augmented up to full combat strength on the account. of the mobilization reserves.

The time needed to achieve full combat-readiness in 6.5-7 hours for the rocket brigades excluding the time required to cover the necessary distance.

Full combat-readiness is a state in which rocket troops and artillery may rapidly initiate the conduct od combat missions, i.e., armies and front rocket brigades and rocket battalions of motorized rifle and tank divisions deploy in their position areas and they are ready to initiate actions planned in the front's initial nuclear strike.


In full combat-readiness start batteries are in main or start positions in the state of readiness number 3, 2, 2A, or 1.


 
 

LEVELS OF COMBAT-READINESS IN ROCKET AND ARTILLERY TROOPS

1. Constant Combat-Readiness: Units and sub-units are kept at full combat strength as much as possible. Units conduct their daily training in accordance with the plan. They are capable of conducting assigned missions. Weapons and equipment are ready for combat employment. Weapons, ammunition, and other supplies are kept up to norms.

2. Higher State of Combat-Readiness: Rocket and artillery units may be brought to the state of full combat-readiness in the shortest period of time. In this state of combat-readiness all units and sub-units are brought to full garrison accommodation, combat duty service is reinforced, and combat service is conducted in full combat-readiness. Officers and men are called to duty form leave. Material means and ammunition are loaded in vehicles. Units and sub-units are ready to move out from the garrisons. Operational groups with signal equipment are sent to command posts.

3. Full Combat-Readiness: Assumed in accordance with the plan and by the signal of combat alert. In this state of combat-readiness units and sub-units move out of their permanent garrisons to assembly areas or to position areas and occupy fire positions. Necessary combat preparations are made by units and subunits so they are ready to conduct combat missions. Simultaneously, units and subunits are brought up to full combat strength by using mobilization reserves.

 
 

EXCERPTS ON COMBAT SUPPORT

Responsibilities of the Division Commander and the Staff in Organizing Measures for Supporting the Troop's Combat Actions

The responsibilities of the commander and staff in organizing all-around support for the combat actions of the troops is conducted for the purpose of timely and complete satisfaction of the ever growing troop requirements in the battle, precise harmonization of plans for different types of support among themselves and with the over all plan of the battle as well. The combat support measures at the division level are as follows:
- reconnaissance;
- protection against mass-destruction weapons;
- maskirovka;
- radio-electronic combat;
- topogeodetic support;
- meteorological support;
- engineer support;
- chemical support;
- rear service support;
- security.

Organizing all-around support for the troops' combat operation involves the following:
- determining the tasks of each type of support;
- composition of forces and means to be employed for carrying out supporting measures;
- assigning missions to the executing elements and determining the methods for their completion.

The basis and the initial data for organizing combat support includes the following:
- instructions of the higher command on each type of support;
- the division commander's decision for the battle;
- the division commander's instructions on combat support measures;

All-around support of troops during the battle is organized by the staff and chiefs of combat arms, special troops, and services. The division chief of staff exercises direct supervision of this work. He issues instructions on the formulation of plans and coordinates the work of chiefs of combat arms, special troops, and services and defines concretely the tasks set by the division commander in his instructions on combat support.

The general content of the division commander's instructions on support of the troop's combat action can vary. In all cases the division commander's instructions include the following:
- tasks for each type of support;
- forces and means allocated to each type of support;
- the basic measures to be conducted for the accomplishment of these tasks;
- the deadlines for having each type of support ready.

The procedures the division commander and staff will decide upon in organizing support of the combat actions are determined by the time allotted for preparation of the battle and by the established method of organizing the work of the staff and control organs in the division. Under the successive method of work, for all types of support or for those which are especially important to the troops conducting the combat mission, the division commander may not only specify the basic missions for supporting measures and the required forces and means, but he may also examine in detail suggestions of his staff on the methods of employment of forces and means in support of the battle.

When time for preparing combat support is limited, and the concurrent method of work is used, the division commander, the chief of staff, and chiefs of combat arms, special troops, and services independently plan measures for support on the basis of the division commander's instructions issued by him in his decision or announced in his concept of the battle.

The division staff, and the chiefs of combat arms, special troops, and services plan their corresponding support measures, dispatch to subordinates the necessary instructions, monitor their execution, and update tasks regarding support during battle.

One of the characteristics of the work of the staff on organizing support for combat action is that a whole series of measures must be accomplished in practice during the phase of preparing for the battle.



Reconnaissance

Reconnaissance should primarily reveal the intention of the enemy as well as the likely time and nature of his actions. The staff must insure the build up of reconnaissance forces and means to provide for disclosure and surveillance of key enemy targets located deep in the enemy's combat formation. It must also insure the receipt of reconnaissance data from adjacents and from formations of other services of the armed forces, when possible during the preparation of combat. During this period, with the permission of higher command, other methods of obtaining necessary reconnaissance data may also be used.

Reconnaissance, as the most important type of combat support for the troops, is organized by the commanders and staffs at all levels. Its purpose is to acquire information on the enemy, on the terrain, on the weather, and on the area of impending combat action. The most important measures for organizing reconnaissance are the following:
- defining the fundamental tasks and the aim of reconnaissance;
- planning and dispatching tasks to executing elements;
- coordinating efforts of all types and methods of reconnaissance;
- preparing the reconnaissance forces and means to conduct the assigned missions;
- monitoring the execution of instructions issued and giving practical assistance to the staff and the troops in the execution of the tasks assigned to them;
- gathering and processing reconnaissance data, reporting it to the commander and the higher command and communicating it to subordinate (interacting) troops and adjacents.

In organizing reconnaissance, the division commander usually specifies the following points:
- what reconnaissance data is to be acquired and by what deadline;
- where the main efforts of reconnaissance are to be concentrated and for the execution of which tasks;
- what forces and means are to be used for reconnaissance.

The division reconnaissance section works out the reconnaissance plan on the basis of the commander's decision, his instructions on planning reconnaissance, and instructions from the higher command on reconnaissance.

The division reconnaissance plan is normally worked out on a 1/50,000 or 1/100,000 scale map with written instructions or in written form with map annex. (The format of the plan is shown in Chapter Five). The reconnaissance plan reflects the following:
- the aim of reconnaissance;
- the basic tasks of reconnaissance;
- forces and means assigned to conduct reconnaissance and their distribution according to the tasks;
- the deadlines to accomplish tasks;
- the procedure for submitting reconnaissance information;
- reserves of reconnaissance forces and means;
- etc.

The reconnaissance plan is signed by the division chief of staff and the chief of reconnaissance. It is approved by the division commander. During the conduct of combat action, the division staff revises the reconnaissance plan as the changing situation requires and assigns additional tasks to reconnaissance forces and means. In order to conduct reconnaissance in an effective way the division chief of staff and chief of reconnaissance should work to effectively coordinate the efforts of all types and methods of reconnaissance such as:
- combined arms reconnaissance: reconnaissance patrols and reconnaissance detachments, observation post and combat reconnaissance patrols using the method of observation, listening, interception, searches, ambushes, raids, and reconnaissance in force;
- interrogating prisoners and defectors and debriefing the population; study of documents, samples of weapons and equipment;
- long-range SPETZNAZ reconnaissance;
- aerial reconnaissance (the division staff is obliged to organize reception of data from aerial reconnaissance which is transmitted from piloted and pilotless reconnaissance aircraft and supporting aviation aircraft;
- radio and radio technical reconnaissance;
- air defense radar reconnaissance;
- artillery reconnaissance;
- engineer reconnaissance;
- radiation, chemical, and bacteriological reconnaissance.

The depth to which the reconnaissance is planned and conducted must insure timely forecasting of changes in the situation affecting the division and acquiring information on enemy targets to permit their destruction within the entire range of the division's forces and means.

Reconnaissance can successfully carry out the missions assigned to it only when it is conducted purposefully, continuously, aggressively, promptly, and efficiently and when it is characterized by covertness, reliability, and accuracy in determining the coordinates of reconnoitered targets.

Fulfillment of these reconnaissance requirements pre-supposes strict subordination of reconnaissance measures to the division commander's decision, their constant conduct and persistent acquisition of the needed information by interested persons exactly on time, rapid analysis and evaluation of reconnaissance information to insure its immediate utilization; timely intensification or shifting of the reconnaissance efforts, maintenance of secrecy of all reconnaissance measures and deception of the enemy; and acquisition of information corresponding fully to the real situation on the battlefield.



Defense Against Enemy Mass-Destruction Weapons

One of the most important types of combat support is protection of the troops against mass-destruction weapons given the possibilities of the enemy using them. The aim of protection against mass-destruction weapons is to neutralize or weaken to the maximum extent possible the impacts of nuclear, chemical, biological, and high precision ammunition on the troops and rear service targets, to preserve their combat capabilities, and to insure successful execution of combat missions. Protection against mass-destruction weapons includes the following measures:
- promptly detecting the enemy's preparation for using such weapons;
- forecasting of the areas of destruction, radioactive and chemical contamination, demolitions, floods, and fires;
- radiation, chemical, and bacteriological reconnaissance;
- warning of the troops and rear area installations about radioactive, chemical, and bacteriological contamination;
- dispersion, camouflage, and periodic changing the areas of deployment of the troops and rear service installations;
- use of defensive properties of combat equipment, transport vehicles, and terrain;
- engineer preparation of the terrain;
- supplying the troops with protective equipment and knowledge of its use;
- selecting the most appropriate methods for passing through contaminated areas and providing for the protection of the troops during their combat actions in contaminated areas;
- monitoring of decontamination of radiation and chemical decontamination of personnel, equipment, ammunition, material, animals, and water;
- medical and veterinary measures (anti-epidemic, public health, and special preventive measures);
- eliminating the consequences of the enemy's employment of mass-destruction weapons.

Forecasting the areas of destruction, radioactive and chemical contamination, demolitions, floods, and fire is conducted with a view to the following:
- determine the possible losses of forces and means;
- introduce the required changes in the grouping and action of the troops and the rear area;
- revise their missions;
- generally determine the nature and volume of work involved in elimination of the consequences of the enemy's use of mass-destruction weapons.

When forecasting the following are established:
- boundaries of lethal areas of radioactive contamination and dispersion in this area of levels (doses) of radiation;
- areas of possible damage (floods and fires);
- areas of contamination by toxic agents and time for their natural decontamination;
- direction and depth of scattering of contaminated air with dangerous concentrations.

Radiation, chemical, and bacteriological reconnaissance in the division is organized by the division staff. Direct control of radiation and chemical reconnaissance is conducted by the chief of chemical service. Bacteriological reconnaissance is directed by the medical and veterinary service.

Warning of the troops and rear area installations about radioactive, chemical, and bacteriological contamination is organized with a view to promptly take measures for protection. For warning, a single, constantly operating signal is established for all kinds of contaminations. It is transmitted as a top priority via all communications nets (links). The signals are established by the division staff. A warning signal is issued on the basis of reconnaissance data, and upon the use of chemical weapons, forecasting takes place. Instructions on releasing a signal are issued as a rule by the commander of subunits (units, large units, i.e., division) and by the chief of rear service installations. Upon detection of chemical contamination, chemical observation posts and observers of subunits independently issue a warning signal.

Dispersion, camouflage, and periodic changing the troop's deployment areas and rear service installations are conducted in order to hamper the enemy in selecting targets for destruction with mass-destruction weapons. The degree of dispersion is established by the division (regiment) commander. The dispersion degree depends on the following:
- mission to be accomplished;
- characteristics of the terrain;
- engineer preparation of the terrain;
- likely power of the enemy's mass-destruction weapons to be used;
- troop control capabilities.

The distance between battalions, usually in unprepared terrain, reaches three to five kilometers. A battalion occupies an area of approximately four to five square kilometers. All areas of troop deployment are camouflaged in all sorts of situations.

Periodic changing of troop deployment areas are conducted to move troops away from possible locations of the enemy's mass-destruction weapons strikes. Change of position is foreseen for units and subunits in second-echelons, reserves, and other elements of combat formations located deeper in the formation, and for control points. Alternate areas (positions) are prepared beforehand to facilitate this change. The alternate areas must be far enough away from the main areas to exclude destruction of one unit or subunit located in one area by an enemy strike on another area. The change of area (position) is conducted on the instruction of the senior commander covertly and quickly without negatively affecting the conduct of combat mission. Deceptive actions may be carried on in areas abandoned by the troops.

Use of protective properties of the combat equipment, transport means, and terrain and its engineer preparation significantly decreases the losses of forces and means when the enemy uses mass-destruction weapons. The radiation doses of personnel in tanks are reduced ten fold, in APCs four fold, and in vehicles two fold. The radii of destruction of personnel and equipment by nuclear weapons in narrow, deep, and tortuous hollows, ravines, underground excavations, quarries, and forests are decreased on the average by 1.5 times in comparison with deployment on open terrain. However, forests, hollows, ravines, and excavations further prolong stagnation of the vapors from chemical weapons agents and bacterial aerosols. Engineer preparation of the terrain decreases to a significant extent the destruction of troops from mass-destruction weapons.

Timely use of individual means of protection provides a reliable protection for personnel against destruction by chemical and bacteriological weapons and against penetration inside the organism and on to the skin of radioactive substances. It also decreases the level of damage by thermal radiation.

Selection of the most appropriate methods of passage through the zones of contamination depend upon the type and the degree of contamination, the nature of demolitions, the terrain condition, and the combat situation. In all cases the division commander and staff must insure that the methods for passing through areas of contamination provide for successful execution of assigned missions and minimum irradiation and contamination of troops. The common methods of passage are as follows:
-passage through areas with lower levels of contamination;
- passage through contaminated area in protected vehicles (tanks, APCs, helicopters, etc.);
- passage after the level of contamination has relatively dropped;
- bypassing the contaminated areas;
- a combination of above.

Monitoring the radiation level and chemical contamination level of personnel, combat equipment, material means, animals, and water is conducted in order to determine the following:
- capability of the personnel to be active without individual means of protection;
- volume of work in decontaminating troops;
- reliability of conducting decontamination.

Monitoring of contamination is conducted, as a rule after the troops have been in contaminated areas, as well as after conducting a total (full) decontamination. Measures by medical and veterinary services are carried out in order to prevent the spread of infectious diseases among personnel when the enemy uses bacteriological weapons, as well as for warding off damage to animals by mass-destruction weapons.

Eliminating the effects of the enemy's use of mass-destruction weapons is conducted in order to restore control, combat capabilities of the troops, and operation of the rear service, saving personnel and rendering assistance to the wounded and sick. This includes the following measures:
- reconnaissance of the centers of contamination by nuclear, chemical, bacteriological, and high precision weapons;
- rescue work and treatment-evacuation measures;
- decontaminating the troops;
- restoring routes and paths for maneuvering the troops and extinguishing and localizing fires;
- decontaminating material means and purifying water;
- isolating and limiting measures and fighting against pathogenic agents in centers of bacteriological contamination.

Protection against mass-destruction weapons is organized and conducted by commanders and staffs at all levels in the division and under all conditions of combat situations.

When organizing protection against mass-destruction weapons, the division commander defines the most important measures. Depending on the situation and the assigned mission he specifies the following:
- the areas or lines along which the use of mass-destruction weapons of the enemy is most probable;
- the tasks of radiation and chemical reconnaissance, the deadlines for conducting reconnaissance, and the forces and means allocated;
- the procedure for dispersing units and subunits and the periodic changing of areas where they are deployed;
- the volume of work involved in engineer preparation of the terrain;
- the deadline for conducting basic measures by the medical and veterinary services;
- measures for eliminating the consequences of enemy use of mass-destruction weapons, etc.

The division staff (operation section in particular), on the basis of the division commander's decision, his instructions on protection against mass-destruction weapons, and the instructions of the higher command on the issue, jointly with the chiefs of combat arms and special troops and services work out the details of measures for protection of troop and rear service installations against mass-destruction weapons, organizes the execution of these measures, and conducts monitoring.

Measures for protection of the troops and the rear area installations against mass-destruction weapons are reflected in all combat (planning) documents of the division. Instructions on protection measures are issued to the units and the rear service of the division in separate instructions.

Protection against incendiary weapons is provided by a series of measures which pertain to engineer preparation of the terrain, dispersion of fire fighting measures in troop deployment areas and using the protective characteristics of the terrain and combat equipment.



Maskirovka

Maskirovka is among the most important types of combat support. It is conducted to achieve the following aims:
- conceal friendly troops from all types of enemy reconnaissance;
- deceive the enemy about the grouping of forces and means, intentions and actions of the friendly troops, and hamper the enemy in his selection of targets for destruction by fire and air strikes;
- insure undetected preparation and sudden delivery of attack by friendly forces.

The basic measures of maskirovka are as follows:
- maintaining the secrecy of organizing and planning the combat action of the division;
- dispersed and covered positioning and movement of troops;
- using camouflage properties of terrain, darkness, and other conditions of limited visibility (fog, rain, etc.);
- using organic and improvised means of concealment and painting equipment and installations to match the color of the terrain;
- signal security and deception;
- light concealment and masking;
- sound and acoustic masking;
- radar camouflage;
- engineer preparation of dummy (deceptive) locations of the troops and dummy targets;
- conducting deceptive movements and deceptive actions;
- secrecy in conducting engineering work;
- using smoke screens.

Maskirovka must be conducted in accordance with the situation as it evolves and with regard for its forecasted development. It includes implementing both protective and active measures to counteract all types of enemy reconnaissance. A sufficient quantity of forces and means is to be allocated for the conduct of maskirovka measures. The most important requirements of maskirovka are the following:
- aggressiveness (activeness);
- credibility;
- continuity;
- diversity.

Aggressiveness (activeness) is achieved when under all conditions and by means of all available forces and means and different methods, persistent efforts are made to impose a false impression of the status, actions, and intentions of the friendly troops on the enemy. Credibility of maskirovka presupposes that the measures implemented are characterized by plausibility and correspond to real conditions of the situation, with the capabilities of all types of enemy's reconnaissance taken into consideration.

The continuity of maskirovka involves constant implementation of measures during the entire course of the preparation and conduct of the battle and in all situations. The diversity of maskirovka excludes stereotyping and implementing planned measures and the use of new means whenever possible new methods and new procedures in conducting maskirovka. The principle methods of maskirovka are the following:
- concealment;
- simulation;
- feints;
- disinformation.

Concealment entails preventing the appearance of signs exposing the troop's locations and actions and different objects and eliminating or weakening such signs. Simulation is used in creation of dummy targets (disposition areas of the troops, defenses, positions, lines, etc.). In feints real subunits and units are deliberately used to create signs of troop movements, concentrations, combat, and other activities to create a false impression in the enemy's mind concerning the actions and intentions of the troops and distracting his efforts to secondary directions.

Disinformation is disseminated to disinform the enemy on composition, combat capability, actions, and intentions of friendly troops in order to mislead the enemy and to create advantageous conditions for success in combat.

Concealment, simulation, feints, and disinformation are carried out in integration. While concealment is employed without any special instructions from the higher commander, all other forms of maskirovka are utilized only on instructions from and with the permission of the higher command. When maskirovka is organized the division commander determines and specifies the following points:
- aims, tasks, and measures for maskirovka in the division;
- forces and means to be employed, places and times for executing maskirovka measures;
- individuals who are responsible for the above measures;
- procedures for monitoring maskirovka.

The division staff (operation section) along with the chief of artillery and rocket troops, chief of engineer troops and the chief of chemical troops jointly work out the plan of maskirovka measures. The division plan for maskirovka is prepared on the 1/100,000 or 1/50,000 scale map with written instructions. In the graphic part of the plan the following are reflected:
- boundaries, groupings, and missions of the divisions;
- areas for establishing deceptive concentration areas of the troops, command posts, deceptive movements and time of their preparation (conduct);
- forces and means participating in feints, their composition, area of deployment, direction, and time of action and mission;
- areas and time for using smoke screens and forces and means employed.

The following points are specified in the written instructions:
- the aim and mission of maskirovka;
- forces and means allocated;
- equipment used in maskirovka;
- methods to conduct different measures;
- responsible commanders.

The written form of the maskirovka plan with a map annex is prepared in a table form which reflects the following points under different columns:
- measures to be conducted;
- places for carrying out maskirovka measures;
- times for conduct of measures;
- responsible commanders;
- forces and means to be employed;
- reaction to the enemy's different actions regarding maskirovka.

The maskirovka plan is signed by the division chiefs of operations, artillery, engineer, chemical, and the chief of staff. It is approved by the division commander. The division staff (operation section) issues the instructions of the commander to all units regarding maskirovka and dispatches combat instructions to units and subunits which are assigned to execute specific measures of maskirovka.

The division staff monitors the execution of maskirovka measures. The condition of maskirovka is systematically checked by control surveillance from the ground, air, and sea. Those called to serve in the monitoring are officers from staffs, combat arms, special troops and services, and the traffic control (commandant service) services.



 
 

Security

Security is organized to provide the troops the time and conditions advantageous for development and commitment into action, to protect them from surprise attack by the enemy, and to prevent enemy's reconnaissance. Security is provided in defense by combat outposts (combat security), in march by march security and by security established in concentration areas. Moreover, under all conditions the troops organize immediate security.

The minimum necessary but a sufficient quantity of forces and means are assigned to security. In each specific case the composition of security elements depends on the following:
- the mission of the troops being protected;
- time available to them (required) to deploy and commit to battle;
- importance of the direction (area) of their combat action;
- distance to the enemy and the characteristic of his actions;
- terrain and observation conditions.

When organizing security, the division commander specifies the security tasks, forces and means, composition, area of responsibility (direction of action), and from what unit they should be allocated. On the basis of the division commander's instructions, the staff (operation section) organizes security. It assigns missions to the troops assigned to security, organizes communications with them, establishes procedure and the signals for coordination, and determines the procedure, methods, and deadlines for sending reports.



 
 

Engineer Support

Engineer support is provided to create, for friendly troops, favorable conditions for the use of combat equipment, maneuver and secrecy of combat actions, to increase their protection against means of destruction and to impede combat actions being conducted by enemy troops. The main tasks of engineer support at the division level are as follows:
- engineer reconnaissance of the enemy and the terrain;
- preparing and maintaining routes for troop movement;
- breaching of obstacles and construction of crossings over water obstacles;
- establishing engineer obstacles and conducting demolition work;
- establishing fortifications;
- conducting maskirovka work;
- extracting and purifying water, constructing and maintaining water supply points;
- conducting engineer actions for the elimination of the consequences of the enemy's use of mass-destruction weapons.

Engineer reconnaissance is an integral part of tactical (combined arms) reconnaissance. The basic methods for conducting engineer reconnaissance are observation, photography, and direct inspection.

Preparation and maintenance of routes for travel includes the following:
- repairing and restoring existing roads;
- engineer preparation of new roads;
- establishing column paths;
- camouflage of the routes from enemy ground and aerial reconnaissance.

A movement support detachment (OOD) is established in order to prepare the direction of movement in the regiment and division along each route being used. Passages are prepared when it is impossible to bypass barriers and obstacles. Passages are prepared usually for subunits with one passage for each attacking first-echelon infantry (tank) platoon. In order to pass the troops through the passage, a traffic control service is organized using forces and means of engineer subunits. For each passage a traffic control post is assigned composed of three to four men. A combat engineer detachment directs the traffic control service at two adjacent passages. Engineer preparation of river crossings includes the following:
- establishing column paths to the crossing sites from the main travel routes of the troops;
- mine clearing and removing of obstacles on approaches to water obstacles, river banks and landing areas (embarkation), disembarkation (unloading) for landing craft and ferries as well as in the areas of constructing bridges;
- building of slopes into the water and departure for the shore;
- assembling rafts, mounting piers and installing bridges;
- clearing and marking of fords;
- installing anti-mine artificial obstacles in the water at bridge crossings;
- camouflaging crossings;
- constructing shelters for personnel and equipment.

The basic system of artificial obstacles as a component of engineer support includes mixed mine fields and mainly antitank mine fields. Depending on the conditions of the terrain, besides mixed mine fields, various non-explosive antitank and antipersonnel obstacles are prepared such as tree barriers, abatis, barricades, hedgehogs, knife rests, escarpments, one way tank ditches, antitank ditches, dragon's teeth, etc.

Destruction of important objectives (bridges, dams, power stations, etc.) is conducted to impede the enemy's combat action, to inflict losses on him, and to prevent the use of such objectives when they are seized by the enemy.

Mobile obstacle detachments can be formed in the regiment and in the division for mine laying and demolition work in the direction of the enemy attack (counterattack). They are composed of one to two engineer platoons equipped with mines, mine laying equipment, and explosives.

Fortifications significantly reduce the degree of injury to personnel from the effects of mass-destruction weapons as follows:
- foxholes, trenches, and cut and cover shelters reduce penetrating radiation ten fold and decrease the radius of destruction by shock wave 1.5-2 times in comparison with a position on open terrain;
- covered foxholes and trenches protect the personnel from contamination by radioactive substances and chemical agents sufficiently liquid to form drops, from thermal radiation and penetrating radiation;
- shelters and dugouts with special engineer preparations reduce the radius of destruction to personnel by shock wave three to five fold.

Water is acquired by engineer troops according to a calculation of what would satisfy the daily troops requirements. Daily requirements include the norms for consumption of water for the unit and drinking needs of the personnel and for technical purposes (filling, refilling, and washing of vehicles). The average daily norm for consumption of water by one serviceman in areas which have little water or no water in the torrid zones of the earth (such as in Central Asia and in Africa) amounts to ten liters. During an emergency shortage of water, the daily norm for water consumption can be reduced to four liters but for a time period of no more than three days. The norms for consumption of water for technical purposes are determined by the technical specifications of the types of vehicles.

Engineer support tasks are executed by personnel from all arms of services. Engineer troops execute the most complex tasks of engineer support which require special training of personnel and use of engineer equipment and explosives. In order to conduct the tasks of engineer support in the division, some of the engineer troops are used on a centralized basis, according to the decision of the division commander. Other troops are allocated for the reinforcement of combined arms units. Engineer subunits being allocated for reinforcement can be attached to the regiments or execute tasks on their behalf while remaining subordinate to the division commander.

Engineer support is organized on the basis of the division commander's decision and instructions for the higher command. The division commander defines the following points:
- most important tasks of engineer support;
- forces and means employed;
- deadlines for execution of engineer tasks;
- subordinates responsible for their execution and the procedure for monitoring the work.

Based on the concept of the division commander's decision, his instructions on engineer support, and instructions from the army's chief of engineer troops, the chief of division engineer troops organizes the plan of engineer support for the division. This is done after an all-around clarification of assigned missions and estimate of the situation.

The plan of engineer support of the division is the principle document regulating the actions of division's engineer staff. It is considered part of the division's plan for its combat action. (Engineer planning documents may be found in Chapter Five). The engineer support plan is prepared on 1/100,000 or 1/50,000 scale map with written instructions. The plan is signed by the chief of engineer troops and the division chief of staff and it is approved by the division commander. The graphic part of the plan includes the following:
- principal tasks of engineer support during the preparation of the battle;
- principal tasks of engineer support during the conduct of the battle;
- areas and times of conduct of these missions and engineer troops assigned to accomplish them;
- areas of deployment of engineer troops in the initial situation (FUP areas) and their movement during the conduct of the operation;
- organizing support and supply of troops in terms of engineer equipment, armament and material;
- brief description of enemy forces and means and characteristics of his likely actions;
- combat formation of the division and regiments in FUP areas, the immediate and long-range missions of the division, and the immediate and subsequent missions of the regiments;
- areas of breakthrough (main attack) of the enemy defense (forces);
- line of commitment (counterattack) of the division's second-echelon into battle;
- command posts of the division in FUP areas and their relocation during the battle;
- division boundaries and boundaries between regiments;
- likely assault river crossing sites during the conduct of the battle.

In the written instructions of the division's engineer support plan the following points are reflected:
- combat composition and groupings of the division's engineer troops and distribution of engineer troops among regiments and elements of combat formations, and their distribution in terms of combat missions and regroupment of engineer troops during the battle;
- availability and distribution of engineer armament and equipment in terms of different missions and among the regiments;
- composition of mobile obstacle detachments, movement support detachments, and engineer reserves;
- measures on protection of troops against the enemy's use of mass-destruction weapons.



 
 

Chemical Support

Chemical support consists of a series of measures aimed to create conditions allowing the troops to accomplish their missions in the face of the enemy's use of mass-destruction weapons, smoke, and incendiary means. Chemical support includes the following:
- radiation and chemical reconnaissance;
- bacteriological non-specific reconnaissance;
- chemical and dosimetric monitoring;
- special cleansing;
- use of smoke masks and flamethrowers by chemical troops and other measures.

Radiation and chemical reconnaissance is conducted to provide the division commander and staff with information on the radiation and chemical situation on the terrain and in the surface layer of the atmosphere. The boundaries of contaminated zones are marked and detours are defined or routes through which the troops will be exposed to the lowest radiation are determined. Radiation and chemical reconnaissance is conducted by radiation and chemical reconnaissance subunits by observation and direct survey of the areas occupied by the troops and on their movement routes.

Bacteriological non-specific reconnaissance (monitoring) is carried out for the purpose of promptly detecting the enemy's use of bacteriological agents and providing the division commander and staff with information by which to estimate the bacteriological (biological) situation. It can determine whether or not the enemy has used bacteriological agents, define the boundaries of contaminated areas, and take samples for analysis. It is carried out by all observers, observation posts chiefly of those forces and means given the mission of radiation and chemical reconnaissance.

Chemical and domestic monitoring is conducted to obtain data by which to evaluate the combat capability of units and subunits and to determine the volume of special cleansing required. Chemical monitoring includes preliminary study of the air, water, and soil samples for the purpose of establishing the need for analyzing them further and qualitative and quantitative analysis of such samples in order to determine the form and type of war gas and the density of contamination.

Dosimetric monitoring includes monitoring exposure of personnel to radiation and monitoring radioactive contamination of weapons, equipment, fuel, water, and other material means.

Special cleansing (obrabotka) is conducted to preserve the combat capability of troops contaminated by toxic agents, radioactive substances, and bacterial agents to reduce the probability of personnel injury and to allow them to operate without protective equipment. It includes gas and radioactive decontamination and disinfection of armament, equipment, and material and when necessary, sanitary cleansing of personnel.

Special cleansing may be partial or complete. In partial special cleansing personnel do not interrupt conduct of their combat missions. They use individual anti-chemical packets and available resources to remove toxic agents, radioactive substances, and bacterial agents from exposed skin, protective equipment, clothing, and weapons surfaces. Complete special cleansing is carried out with the permission of the senior commander after the accomplishment of the combat mission. In this type of cleansing all surfaces of weapons and equipment are subjected to gas decontamination and radioactive decontamination. The personnel undergo personal cleansing including washing with warm water. They must also change their underwear and sometimes their outer clothing as well.

Smoke screens are used by chemical troops to blind the enemy, to conceal friendly troops, simulate the activities of dummy targets, and to protect troops against light radiation from a nuclear burst. The chemical troops lay smoke screens in integration with other concealment measures.

All measures of chemical support must always be coordinated with measures to protect troops against mass-destruction weapons. Chemical support is organized by the chief of the division's chemical troops in close coordination with the division staff. Chemical support is organized on the basis of the division commander's decision, his instructions on chemical support, and instructions of the army's chief of chemical troops.



 
 

Technical Support

Technical support consists of the following series of measures:
- to promptly supply the troops with armament and equipment;
- to provide ammunition and military technical equipment;
- to maintain weapons and equipment in constant readiness for combat use;
- to insure high effectiveness and trouble-free operation of the equipment in all situations;
- to restore damaged weapons and equipment.

Technical support is subdivided into the following categories:
- artillery-technical support;
- motor vehicle-technical support;
- tank-technical support;
- chemical-technical support;
- signal-technical support;
- rear-service technical support.

The principle measures of technical support include the following:
1. providing armament and equipment to the troops: planned and conducted by the deputy commander for technical affairs and armament of the division;
2. supplying ammunition and military technical material:
--- reserves of ammunition and technical material (spare parts, etc.) are planned by related arms and services and held by personnel, combat vehicles, armament, transportation of subunits (battalions) units (regiments) and division material support battalion;
3. insuring technically correct operation of armament and equipment:
--- includes their preparation for use, their use, technical maintenance, transportation, and storage. This is conducted by specially trained personnel of units such as drivers, driver-mechanics (tank drivers), and crews and teams with the help of specialists as required when preparing equipment for combat use or during their technical maintenance, transportation, and storage.
4. timely evacuation and repair of weapons and equipment: evacuation of damaged armament and equipment is conducted, as a rule, on the instructions and with the resources of the higher level. Evacuation includes towing, transporting, or leading incapacitated items of armament and equipment to the nearest shelters, to evacuation routes and to repair or loading points. It also includes loading the equipment onto transportation vehicles, extricating stuck, buried, and sunken items and systems and righting upset equipment plus the necessary preparatory work. Armament and equipment are evacuated chiefly from areas under enemy fire, from areas where it may be captured by the enemy and from areas of fire, floods, or contamination. The importance of the given items to combat and the volume of the repair jobs are accounted for when determining the priority of evacuation: command and combat vehicles, rocket launchers and armament and equipment requiring the least volume of repair are evacuated on first priority. Depending upon the specific situation, the location of the defective weapon or vehicle, and its technical condition a specific evacuation procedure is determined.

The operating procedures are set by the division commander and his deputy for technical affairs and armament in accordance with the mission, the condition of the situation, and the instructions from the army commander.

Technical servicing of the equipment consists of checking for the proper functioning of assemblies, mechanisms, and devices, and topping off of vehicles with fuel, lubricants, and special fluids. Technical servicing of armored and motor vehicles is performed in accordance with the rules established by technical use. The basic indicator in this process is vehicles' mileage. The following types of technical servicing have been established for tanks, depending on the number of kilometers covered:
- a general inspection;
- technical servicing no. 1;
- technical servicing no. 2;
- technical servicing no. 3.

General servicing is conducted before taking the vehicle out of the motor pool. It is conducted in fifteen to thirty minutes. During short halts of a march ten to fifteen minutes are spent conducting general servicing.

Technical servicing no. 1 is conducted each time a vehicle is returned to the motor pool, after a march is completed, and during breaks between two battles regardless of the distance covered.

Technical service no. 2 for medium tanks is conducted usually after the vehicle has run 1,000-1,100 km with a period of 6.5-9.5 hours being spent. Technical service no. 3 is conducted after the vehicle has run 2,000-2,200 km with a period of 8-12 hours being spent. Servicing numbers 2 and 3 include a careful check-up of the technical condition of the vehicle, its performing adjustments, and topping off or replacing of oils and lubricants in the assemblies and units of vehicles.

The following types of technical servicing have been established for motor vehicles:

General inspection before taking the vehicle out, conducted in 15-20 min., general inspection en route (short halts in march) takes 10-15 min.

Daily technical servicing conducted after each time the vehicle is brought back to the motor pool regardless of the distance covered or after the vehicle has run 100-150 km. A period of 1-1.5 hours is devoted to daily servicing.

Technical servicing no. 1 is performed usually after the vehicle has run 1,000-1,200 km. It takes up to three hours to conduct the service.

Technical service no. 2 is conducted after the vehicle has run 5,000-6,000 km. The service takes eight hours.

On the basis of instructions from the division commander and his deputy for technical affairs and armament, technical servicing in units and subunits is directly organized by artillery armament, motor and tractor service, armor service, and related chiefs of arms and services for engineer equipment, signal equipment, technical equipment, mechanical assemblies, mobile field bakery, and other various equipment.

Evacuation is conducted in the following priority sequence. First, all armaments and vehicles with minor damage are evacuated away from enemy fire. Second, weapons and vehicles, which can be repaired by the repair facilities of the regiments and the division are evacuated. Third, the remaining equipment is moved. Evacuation of the damaged equipment is conducted in those cases when it is impossible to repair them at the place where they have broken down.

Repair of armament and equipment is conducted in order to maintain and restore the serviceability, performance, and life of equipment and their parts. In a combat situation repairs are made, for the most part, where the armament and equipment break down or in the nearest cover, as well as in deployment areas of repair units and subunits and at disabled vehicle collecting points.

The fundamental principle in organizing repair is bringing the repair facilities as close as possible to the equipment being repaired and to first repair that equipment which requires the least amount of time to have it operational again. The following types of repair have been established depending on the nature and degree of damage, and of labor intensiveness of repair work:
- routine (current) repair;
- medium repair;
- major repair.

The routine (current) repairs entail eliminating faults by replacing or restoring individual parts of damaged equipment and systems and making adjustments. They are carried out by operating personnel and repair subunits organic to the unit and sometimes in the division workshop. Medium repairs consist of restoring and operating characteristics of items and systems by replacing or repairing damaged parts and mandatorily checking out the technical conditions of other parts. It also includes correcting faults in them. Medium repair is conducted by divisional repair workshops and army facilities on finished assemblies. Major repairs entail major overhaul and are conducted, as a rule, at the front and area plants.

No matter what the conditions, the repair volume must insure the possibility of the quickest and safest use of restored armament and equipment in carrying out assigned missions. The principles of determining the priority of repairs are similar in many ways to the principles of evacuation priority discussed above.

Armament and equipment that is ready for use is returned, normally, to its units or subunits, or it is sent by order of the commander to units and subunits undergoing recovery of their combat capability.

Troop control of the technical support resources is an inherent part of troop control. Such support is managed personally by the division commander as well as through his staff, his deputy for technical affairs and armament, his deputy for rear service, and chiefs of combat arms, special troops, and services. They organize the technical support on the basis of the division commander's decision, his instructions on technical support, and instructions of corresponding chiefs at a higher level on technical support.

Control of technical support is conducted from the division control points and technical observation points. General communication channels are used to resolve technical issues, but a technical support radio net may be created as well. Technical support is provided in close interaction with rear service support. Coordinated leadership of technical and rear service support by control organs is one of the most important prerequisites for achieving success in assigned missions.



 
 

Rear Service Support

Rear service support is the collection of a series of measures by which the troops are provided with all forms of material means required to maintain their combat capability and to create favorable conditions for successful accomplishment of missions. Rear service support includes the following:
- material support;
- medical support;
- transportation;
- providing personnel and other needs of the troops.


Material support is conducted in order to promptly and completely satisfy the needs of units and subunits for material. It includes acquiring and storing material, delivering it to combined arms units and subunits, units of combat arms, special troops, and services, making consumers aware of the authorized norms and creating the necessary reserves. Material support is provided centrally, in accordance with the plans and instructions of the division commander who bears the responsibility for uninterrupted supply of material to subordinate units and subunits. Material includes the following:
- all forms of armament;
- combat and other equipment;
- ammunition;
- fuel;
- food;
- protective means;
- engineer means;
- clothing;
- medical and other material;
- various types of merchandise;
- fluids and water.


Medical support is provided in order to accomplish the following:
- maintain combat capability and improve personnel's health;
- render prompt medical assistance to casualties and patients;
- return personnel to action as quickly as possible.

Medical support in combat includes conducting treatment, evacuation, sanitary, hygienic, and anti-epidemic measures and medical measures aimed at protecting the troops against the enemy's mass-destruction weapons. Organization of the rear service support of the division includes the following:
- preparing the rear service units, subunits, and installations;
- making the decision on rear area support;
- designating the rear service area;
- deploying the rear service units, subunits, and installations and their relocation during the battle;
- designating supply and evacuation routes;
- providing security, defense, and protection of the rear area.


Preparation of the rear service to support the troops is organized by the deputy division commander for rear service and chiefs of services of the division. It is performed directly by the commanders (officers) of the rear service units and subunits on the basis of orders and instructions from the division commander and his deputy for rear services.

A rear service area is assigned to the division in offensive and defensive combat for deployment and operation of rear service units, subunits, and installations; and for efficient use of roads, local resources, and water resources. This area is limited on the right and left by division boundary lines and at the rear by a boundary with the army rear area. The dimensions of the area can vary. The total depth of the division rear area in offensive battle reaches forty kilometers and in defense up to sixty kilometers.

Divisional rear area may not be assigned during the attack on the move and when there are no adjacents, as well as while conducting combat actions in deserts and mountains. In this case the division assigns only areas for deployment of the rear service units. In defense, the division rear area is usually subdivided into regiment rear areas and a divisional rear area. The regiment rear areas are assigned only to the first-echelon regiments. In the offensive, combat regiment rear areas, as a rule, are not assigned. Deployment of the division rear service units and subunits is conducted as follows:
- medical and repair units (subunits) are deployed close to first-echelon regiments (first-echelon of the rear service);
- depots, transportation units (subunits), and mechanical field bakery are deployed in the second-echelon in depth.

The following routes are established in the division rear areas:
- a divisional supply and evacuation route from divisional supply depots (material support battalion) to regiment dumps (material support companies) and fire positions of division artillery group;
- a regimental supply and evacuation route from regiment material support company (depots) to the rear service subunits of battalions and the fire positions of regiment artillery group;
- a lateral route on the line of regiment dumps, which is the divisional lateral route;
- a lateral route on the line of division depots (material support battalion) which is army's lateral route.

Relocation of rear service units and subunits depends on the combat mission and the nature of combat action. Priority is given first to all medical aid posts, armored repair workshops, and transport with ammunition and POL. To conduct the rear service support the following elements are employed:
- in battalion: battalion's supply platoon;
- in regiment: material support company and medical company;
- in the division: material support battalion, medical battalion, and mechanical bakery.

Control of the rear service provides for:
- maintaining constant readiness of the rear service to support the troops;
- promptly assigning missions regarding the rear service support;
- planning the organization of the rear service support;
- monitoring the execution of instructions on rear service support;
- maneuvering with transport, material means, repair, and medical means in accordance with the changes in the situation;
- organizing reliable security, defense, and protection of the rear service area.

The division commander directs rear service support through his staff, his deputy for rear service, his deputy for technical affairs and armament, and chiefs of combat arms, special troops and services.

The rear service support plan is a part of the division plan for the battle. The plan should be concise and clear. The contents of rear service support plan include all matters concerning rear service support of the troops handled by the deputy division commander for rear services and service chiefs. The plan also includes issues of supplying the troops with ammunition and technical equipment since the deputy division commander for rear service is responsible for their timely supply. The supply of the troops with rockets and their movement by specialized transportation means, technical support, motor and tractor, and other equipment support are reflected in other plans prepared by the chiefs of division's services who are not subordinate to the deputy division commander for rear services. The initial data for preparing the plan of rear service support are the following:
- the rear service order of the army commander;
- the decision of the division commander for the battle and his instructions on rear service support;
- the decision of the deputy division commander for rear service on organization of the rear service support;
- information on the size, number, composition, and status of the troops;
- information about the composition, deployment, status, and location of the rear services of the troops.

The division's rear service support plan normally reflects the following:
- the principle missions of the division's rear service;
- the composition of division's rear service including its units, subunits, and installations planned to support the combat action of the division;
- the deployment of the division's rear service during the preparation of the battle and their relocation and movement during the conduct of the battle;
- division's supply and evacuation routes, their extension, restoration, and maintenance during the conduct of the battle;
- material support of the division during the battle;
- medical support of the division troops;
- protection, security, and defense of the division rear service area;
- organizing control of the division's rear service;
- other matters.

The plan is prepared on a 1/50,000 or 1/100,000 scale map with written instructions, or it can be prepared in written form with a map annex. The plan is signed by the deputy division commander for rear service and his chief of staff. It is coordinated with the division's chief of staff and approved by the division commander.



 
 

Actions of the Army Staff and Troop Control Organs on Organizing Combat Support for the Army Forces

The army staff and troop control organs during organization of combat support for army forces designate missions on various types of combat support, and forces and means to accomplish them. They issue combat orders and instructions on combat support to the subordinates and organize interaction between the designated forces. The army staff in the offensive operation organizes the following combat support:
- reconnaissance;
- operational maskirovka;
- defense of forces and rear targets against enemy mass-destruction weapons, restoring combat effectiveness, and liquidation of the results of the enemy's nuclear strikes;
- radio-electronic combat;
- topogeodetic, topographic, and hydrometeorological support;

The chiefs of engineer and chemical troops and chief of rear services organize their combat support. The combat support of army forces is organized on the basis of the army commander's decision and his instructions on combat support. The measures for combat support are conducted under the direct guidance of the chief of staff. The army chief of staff, in compliance with the army commander's decision and his instructions, gives orders to the chiefs of staff and chiefs of arms and services on the organization, planning, and conduct of combat support measures.

He organizes the actions of the army staff with the other staffs of the arms and services. He coordinates the actions on combat support of the forces. In the army staff the planning and organization is done on the following combat support.



 
 

Organizing Reconnaissance

The chief of reconnaissance prepares the reconnaissance plan in written form on graphic paper with written explanatory notes and an annex map or in a graphical way on the map with explanatory notes as an annex. In accordance with this plan the divisions and chiefs of arms and services give their orders on reconnaissance. The army reconnaissance units receive their missions directly from the chief of reconnaissance. The most important measure on reconnaissance is the collection of data, its clarification and analysis, and issuing reconnaissance data to the relevant staffs and chiefs. (See Chapter Five for samples of reconnaissance documents).

The chief of the operations directorate organizes and plans the following combat support measures:



 
 

Organizing Protection Against Enemy Mass Weapons

This mission is conducted on the basis of the orders of the army chief of staff by the operations directorate together with the chief of chemical troops and they distribute data on the chemical, bacteriological, and radiation situation to everyone. The operations directorate warns the forces and staffs and neighbors on ground and air bursts, assembles hydrological - meteorological data and also issues it to the subordinates and staffs. The chief of the operations directorate, in close work with the chief of chemical troops, organizes the plan for defense of forces and rear targets in interaction with the chief of staffs, combat arms, and special troops. Measures for protection are shown also on the operational plan, plans for combat actions of the arms, plan for combat support, and rear service plan. The operations directorate organizes the preparation of orders on the protection of forces and rear targets and the chief of staff and chief of operations directorate and chief of chemical troops all sign it and then send it to the subordinates.

Restoring the army forces' combat effectiveness and elimination of the results of enemy use of nuclear strikes during the preparation phase and course of the operation: The basis for restoring the army forces' combat effectiveness and elimination of results of nuclear strikes is designated by the front staff during operational planning. In support of this aim the composition, location of deployment, and possible missions of the special combined detachment for liquidation of results are designated. At the moment the enemy uses nuclear strikes and their results are determined this detachment moves into action. Sometimes control of the restoration of combat effectiveness of forces and rear targets with participation of the arms and special forces is given to a special operational group under command of the army deputy commander or the chief of staff. In the interest of restoration of combat effectiveness of forces and liquidation of results of mass-destruction weapons they prepare a separate plan and put it into action.



 
 

Organizing Maskirovka

The operational maskirovka of the army typically is organized and planned on the basis of the orders of the front staff and orders of the army commander and chief of staff. It is organized and planned by the operations directorate. For preparation of the plan on operational maskirovka the chief of staff, the chiefs of combat arms, and special troops personally participate, especially the chiefs of engineers, chemical troops, and radio-electronic combat; and the chief of staff of the rear services also participates. Must say that the basic organizer of operational maskirovka is the front staff. The army usually conducts the measures that are ordered in the front operational maskirovka plan. The army only carries out and fulfills the front plan by elaborating on individual measures.



 
 

Organizing Radio-Electronic Combat

The organization and planning of radio-electronic combat is conducted on the basis of the army commander's decision and his instructions on radio-electronic combat and the instructions of the front staff on this. The army commander designates the basic missions on organization of radio-electronic combat. The chief of staff is the main organizer of radio-electronic combat. He accomplishes this mission in interaction with the army staff, chiefs of combat arms, and special troops and especially with the chief of radio-electronic combat. The army chief of staff in detail evaluates the radio-electronic situation in interaction with the staff and all chiefs who use radio-electronic means. He designates the most important enemy control systems, especially the nuclear weapons control, air forces, PVO forces, ground forces, and the enemy's radio-electronic warfare systems. In accordance with this for organizing radio-electronic combat, protection of electronics, and maskirovka they issue orders to the chiefs of radio-electronic combat and other chiefs such as the chief of rocket troops and artillery, chief of reconnaissance, chief of engineers, chief of chemical troops, chief of operations directorate and chief of signals and others. The chief of radio-electronic combat in interaction with the above named chiefs organizes the plan for radio-electronic combat and issues the instructions on REC and controls its actions. This plan is signed by the chief of REC, chief of staff, and approved by the army commander.



 
 

Organizing Engineer Support

The organization of engineer support is conducted on the basis of the army commander's decision and his instructions on engineer support and the instructions from the front staff on engineer matters by the chief of army engineer troops. The chief of engineer troops with his staff on the basis of the aim of the army commander's decision and his instructions on engineer support designates the most important missions for engineer support and designates the forces and means of engineer troops with the aim of fulfilling these missions during the preparation phase and course of the operation. The engineer support plan with explanatory notes and annexes is prepared on the basis of this plan. They send the instructions on engineers to the large units and units of engineer troops and also the instructions on engineer matters to the staffs of subordinate motor rifle and tank large units. The engineer support plan is signed by the chief of engineer troops and chief of staff and approved by the army commander. (Sample engineer planning documents are shown in Chapter Five).



 
 

Organizing Rear Services Support

Rear service support in the offensive operation is conducted on the basis of the directive for rear services of the front chief of rear services, decision of the army commander, decision of the deputy army commander for rear services, data on the supply of material means, and composition and capabilities of army rear services. The rear service support is one of the most important operational support measures. It includes organization of rear, preparation and use of road communication routes and transport means, material supply support, technical support, medical support, and other support. Rear service support of the army is conducted by the chief of rear and his staff, the chiefs of combat arms, special troops, and services who are directly subordinate to the commander such as the chief of armaments and technical services (rocket and artillery armament, armor and automobile vehicle service), chief of engineers, and chief of chemical troops. The chief of rear services on the basis of the front operational directive on rear, army commander's decision, supply of material means, capabilities of army rear services, and all round assessment of the situation makes a decision on rear service support. He prepares the plan for rear service support, operational directive and instructions on rear services issued to the large units, units, and installations of rear services, and also issues orders on rear services to the large units and units of combat arms and special services. The rear service plan is signed by the chief of staff of rear, the chief of rear, and chief of staff of the army and is approved by the army commander.

The army chief of staff correctly and in a timely manner monitors compliance with the instructions that the army commander sent on combat support. He organizes the mutual distribution of information on the organization of all-around support of forces' combat actions and in a timely manner gives assistance to the subordinate staffs.



 
 

Procedure to Organize Support of Combat Action

Combat support measures conducted to aid the combat actions of the troops is one of the main factors in achieving a successful operation. Therefore, these measures must be thoroughly considered and organized in advance.
Types of combat support measures include the following:
- reconnaissance;
- operational "maskirovka;"
- protection of rear service troops and targets (installations), from mass-destruction weapons;
- engineer support;
- radio-electronic support;
- chemical support;
- hydro-meteorologic support;
- topogeodetic support;
- rear service support.

Combat support measures for the front offensive operation are organized on the basis of the front commander's decision and his instructions. Actions relating to combat support measures are organized directly under the supervision and leadership of the chief of staff.
The front staff organizes the following:
- reconnaissance;
- protection of troops and rear service installations from mass-destruction weapons;
- radio-electronic combat;
- hydro-meteorologic and topogeodetic support.

The related chiefs of special troops and services organize and conduct other types of conduct supporting measures. The chief of staff of the front works out a plan and gives instructions to the troops for each type of combat support measure.

Staff actions on organization of measures in support of troop combat operations not only cover the specification of the tasks related to different types of support but also include the designation of troops and means to accomplish these tasks, the assignment of missions to the elements which accomplish them and the organization of coordination among them.

The chief of staff issues necessary instructions to the relevant directorate chiefs on preparing plans and instructions about support measures. He coordinates the actions of the staff with those of combat arms, special troops, and services staffs in the area of required support of troop combat operations.
In the front staff the chief of the reconnaissance directorate organizes reconnaissance while the chief of operations is involved in organization of plans and instructions on protection against mass-destruction weapons, operational concealment (maskirovka), and hydro-meteorological support. The chief of the radio-electronic warfare section prepares instructions and plans about radio-electronic warfare and the chief of the topographic section organizes instructions on topogeodetic support.

The reconnaissance plan is prepared in written form with a map annex or in a graphic form with an annex of written instructions. According to the plan, instructions on reconnaissance are issued to the armies and the chiefs of combat arms, special troops, and services. Instructions to front reconnaissance troops are given personally by the chief of the reconnaissance directorate. The most important elements in the organization of reconnaissance are the collection, analysis and reporting of reconnaissance information and the dissemination of information to relevant persons.

Based on the instructions of the chief of staff, the operations directorate along with the chief of the chemical directorate disseminates information on the radiation, chemical and bacteriological situation. The operations directorate establishes the system to warn the troops, headquarters and adjacents about ground and air contamination. It also acquires information on hydro-meteorology and informs subordinate units about the hydro-meteorological situation. The operations directorate along with the chief of the chemical directorate, in close cooperation with the chiefs of combat and combat support arms and services, organizes the plan of troop protection and the protection measures against mass-destruction weapons. Such measures are also included in the plan of operations, the plans for the employment of combat arms and services, the plan of supporting measures of combat operations and the logistics (rear services) plan. The operations directorate writes the instructions on troop protection against mass-destruction weapons and has them signed by the chief of staff before it sends them to the subordinate units.

Operational concealment (maskirovka) is organized and implemented by the front staff in accordance with the commander's decision and the instructions of the general staff. The chief of staff personally participates in organizing operational concealment. The chief of operations, the chiefs of combat and combat support arms, the chief of staff of the air army and the chief of staff of the logistic directorate may be called on to take part.

The front commander specifies the basic tasks on organization and the area of concentration of the main efforts of radio-electronic warfare. The chief of staff thoroughly evaluates the enemy's command and control system, estimates the radio-electronic situation, determines the strong and weak points in the enemy's radio-electronic system as well as the radio- electronic tasks to be accomplished. The chief of staff gives instructions to the chief of the radio-electronic department, the chief of staff of the air army, the chiefs of combat and combat support arms on organization and execution of radio-electronic warfare. He also instructs the chief of signals on protection of friendly radio-electronic means against the enemy's radio-electronic warfare. The chief of radio-electronic warfare, in close cooperation with the above mentioned officers, prepares the plan and instructions on radio-electronic warfare and controls their implementation.

Engineer and chemical support of the combat operation is organized by the chiefs of engineers and chemical while all types of rear services support are planned and conducted by the deputy front commander for rear services.

The chief of staff in a close and timely manner controls the implementation of the commander's instructions on support of combat operations. He also organizes interaction and mutual information flow related to the organization of all-around support of combat operations.



 
 

Types of Support

There are three methods of support by one unit for another. These are: (1) attachment; (2) direct support; and (3) support.


Attachment

Attachment, or under command, is the closest form of support. The attached unit comes under the direct command of the unit to which it is assigned and is treated like an organic unit. The senior commander has full choice on how to utilize this unit. When a unit is attached, its commander reports to the senior commander on the situation and capabilities of the unit. The unit is moved according to the orders of the senior commander. Sometimes (usually not in the operations order itself but in the coordination instructions) the units are listed telling when they will be detached and moved to other units. This is especially true for the commitment of the second-echelon unit. At that time a number of supporting units will be detached from a first-echelon unit and moved into the second-echelon with the time and place of the attachment clearly spelled out. As the second-echelon unit approaches the line of commitment it receives its new attachments. When a unit is in defense and a counterattack is planned, the coordination instructions will mention which units are to be attached. unit that is attached still receives its rear service support from the parent unit, but the responsibility for supplies rests with the unit to which it is attached.

An attached unit can include artillery, tanks, engineers, signal, chemical, antitank, antiaircraft, etc. A division could have 4 or 5 or more artillery battalions attached from army, while a regiment in the main attack will have 2 to 3 artillery battalions attached. The headquarters of a division or army artillery regiment may also be attached to form a headquarters for the regimental artillery group. The regimental chief of artillery is responsible for all artillery fire in the regiment command therefore disqualifying him as a commander for a regimental artillery group (RAG). The RAG is then commanded by either of the battalion commanders or a Aheadquarters brought in for the purpose.

Attachment is terminated only by the higher commander who ordered it. There are certain phase lines at which changes are usual. These include when units pass to exploitation and pursuit and when first-echelon units revert to reserve or second-echelon. During the opening phase of a meeting engagement, the advance guard has attached artillery. When the engagement develops into an attack and an artillery headquarters is established to control fire, this artillery reverts to support. During a retreat the artillery is attached until a new defensive line is established.


Direct Support

Direct support is usually established at a lower echelon than attachment. For instance, when one or two tank companies are attached to a rifle battalion a tank company or tank platoons can be placed in direct support of rifle companies and not attached. That way the battalion commander retains control of the tank missions. When a tank company is in direct support of a rifle company, the main decision is made by the rifle company commander, with the tank company commander supporting him. The tank company also receives its own missions, which must be coordinated with the rifle company. The tank company may receive changed missions at any time.


Support

Support is the least confined form and is used more for artillery units. For instance, out of the regimental artillery group one battalion will be in support of a first-echelon rifle battalion. The artillery battalion commander receives his missions from the artillery group commander for fire direction. The supported rifle battalion can request additional tasks and, if the missions of the artillery permit it, they will support. Placing the artillery battalion in support of a specific infantry or tank unit facilitates coordination because the regimental artillery group cannot coordinate the fire support. The rifle battalion can go directly to its supporting artillery battalion. The artillery battalion in support usually sets up its command post close to the command post of the supported unit. During the artillery preparatory fire the artillery battalion is tied to the total plan with specific tasks. During this time the infantry and tanks are moving forward. After the attack commences, the supporting artillery is free to give more support on call. When an artillery subunit is in support of a tank or infantry unit, the artillery commander reports to the other commander on his capabilities, location, status, and his missions from the artillery group.

During the attack there are three phases for artillery: (1) preparatory fire; (2) supporting fire; and (3) accompanying fire. Most support for particular rifle units comes in phase 2 and 3. During the second phase, until the regiment accomplishes its immediate missions, the artillery does not usually have to displace. When the attack moves into the enemy depth, beyond the range for support, then the artillery will move by bounds and relocate to accompany the infantry or tanks. Being in support means to provide adequate fire during the development of a mission.

At the battalion level a battery of artillery may support one company. The battery commander is then in direct communication with the company commander. The artillery battery commander sets up his own observation post from which he directs the battery fire.

In an advance guard situation the units of artillery or tanks will be attached to infantry rather than in support. Also in pursuit and movement to contact or whenever the infantry unit has an independent mission it is better to attach the supporting units. For instance, when the infantry is an enveloping force in the mountains or desert, the artillery will be attached.



 
 

Reserves

There are several reserves including the antitank reserve and the mobile obstacle detachment. There are special reserves such as engineer, signal, and chemical.