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AIR DEFENSE MISSIONS IN DEFENSE
1. timely detection of the aerial enemy;
2. protecting and covering main forces and important rear service targets;
3. providing air defense cover for troops during counterblows (counterstrikes)
and during counterpreparatory fire.
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Missions
1. covering main groupings of forces, rocket and artillery troops, rear service
targets, and airfields against enemy air strikes during preparation and conduct
of defensive operations;
2. detecting the aerial enemy an warning air defense about him;
3. fighting enemy air assault forces in the air;
4. covering troops during the conduct of counterpreparatory fire and during the
conduct of counterblows (counterstrikes);
5. destroying enemy pilotless aircraft (drones) and manned aircraft.
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TIMES WHEN ORGANIC AIR DEFENSE ROCKET AND ARTILLERY OF TROOPS PARTICIPATING
IN COUNTERBLOWS (COUNTERSTRIKES) ARE EMPLOYED TO PROVIDE AIR DEFENSE
1. during deployment of troops;
2. during movement of troops to counterstrike lines;
3. during development of the attack.
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REASONS FOR VARIATIONS IN THE COMPOSITION OF FRONT AIR DEFENSE MEANS
IN THE STRATEGIC OPERATION
1. composition of the front;
2. front's missions;
3. front's role;
4. location of the front.
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ELEMENTS IN THE COMPOSITION OF FRONT AIR DEFENSE FORCES
1. Two to three S-75 air defense rocket regiments. Each regiment containing
six rockets (total of eighteen S-75 rockets [launchers] in the regiment).
2. One to two S-125 air defense rocket regiments. Each regiment is composed of
three battalions containing eight rockets (launchers) (total of twenty-four
S-125 rockets [launchers] in the regiment.
3. One to two air defense artillery divisions. Each division composed of three
to four regiments. In each regiment there are six air defense artillery
batteries containing eight guns (total of forty-eight 57 mm antiaircraft guns.
4. One air defense radio technical regiment.
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AIR DEFENSE MEANS EXCLUDING DIVISIONAL AIR DEFENSE FORCES AND MEANS IN THE
WESTERN TVD OF A FRONT COMPOSED OF THREE COMBINED ARMS AND ONE TANK ARMY
1. six to eleven S-75 air defense rocket regiments;
\2. one to two air defense artillery divisions;
3. four to eight separate air defense artillery (S-60) regiments;
4. one to two S-125 air defense rocket regiments;
5. one radio technical regiment;
6. three to four radio technical battalions;
7. two to three fighter aviation divisions (six to nine regiments).
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ELEMENTS OF THE COMBINED ARMS ARMY
1. One to two S-75 air defense rocket regiments. Each regiment is composed
of three rocket battalions containing six air defense rocket systems
[launchers] (total of eighteen S-75 air defense rocket launchers in the
regiment.
2. One to two air defense artillery regiments. There are six air defense
artillery batteries in the regiment. Each consists of six guns (total of
thirty-six 57mm air defense guns in the regiment.
3. One air defense radio technical battalion.
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ELEMENTS OF THE MOTORIZED RIFLE DIVISION
1. One S-60 air defense artillery regiment composed of four batteries wit
six guns in each (total of twenty-four 57mm guns in the regiment).
2. There are 114 Strela-2m air defense rockets in a motorized rifle division
and sixty-nine Strela-2Ms in a tank division.
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ELEMENTS OF THE MOTORIZED RIFLE REGIMENT
1. platoon of ZSU-23-4 with four systems;
2. platoon of ZPU-4 with four systems.
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FORMS OF MEASURING COMBAT CAPABILITIES OF ARMY AIR DEFENSE TROOPS
1. fire power;
2. coverage area;
3. maneuver capability of air defense units and large units;
4. capability to supply and prepare rockets.
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AREAS IN WHICH FIRE POWER IS CAPABLE OF INFLICTING POTENTIAL LOSSES
1. air targets;
2. dimension of destruction areas;
3. numbers of targets which may be destroyed in one cycle of fire in a specific
time.
- S-75 air defense rocket regiment engages air targets and under favorable
conditions may destroy them and resume fire on other targets after two minutes;
- the S-60 air defense artillery regiment of the division fires on one target
at a time;
- the army's S-60 air defense regiment may fire on two targets at a time;
- the air defense battery of motorized rifle and tank regiments may destroy one
target at a time and may shift fire on another target after one minute;
- the Strela-2M squad (three Strela-2M portable rockets) fires on one target.
Probability of destroying the air target with one squad is 0.53-0.6. Therefore,
three squads must be employed to destroy one aerial target.
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FACTORS DETERMINING WHICH AREAS ARE COVERED BY AIR DEFENSE MEANS
1. altitude;
2. speed and position of flight of the target;
3. type of destruction and jamming means;
4. range of the air defense means;
5. distance between air defense battalions.
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FACTORS DETERMINING THE CAPABILITY OF MANEUVER
1. time of deployment into combat formations;
2. speed of movement;
3. range of movement (zapas khoda);
4. crossing capability (cross country movement capability).
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ITEMS PROTECTED BY AIR DEFENSE IN ARMY OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
1. striking forces;
2. fire means;
3. army rear service targets.
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ACCOMPLISHMENTS MADE WHEN AIR DEFENSE PROVIDES THIS PROTECTION
1. protect against enemy air strikes;
2. cover and support their free (unimpeded) maneuver;
3. successful conduct of their combat missions.
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FORMS FOR ACHIEVING AIMS
1. inflicting decisive losses on the aerial enemy over the approaches and
over the location of the friendly forces;
2. foiling strikes of the aerial enemy;
3. timely detection of the aerial enemy.
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PRINCIPLE AIR DEFENSE MISSIONS IN OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
1. covering main groupings of forces and other targets in army areas;
2. conducting reconnaissance to detect the aerial enemy and warning the air
defense;
3. destroying enemy pilotless (drones) and manned reconnaissance aircraft;
4. fighting enemy air assault troops in the air.
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MEASURES TAKEN BY THE CHIEF OF ARMY AIR DEFENSE AND HIS STAFF TO ORGANIZE
AIR DEFENSE IN SUPPORT OF ARMY OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
1. planning army air defense and conveying missions on air defense to
troops;
2. establishing groupings of air defense troops in the departure (FUP) areas,
preparing them for combat actions and maintaining constant combat-readiness to
repel enemy air attacks.
3. organizing air defense during the conduct of offensive operations to
accomplish missions related to the following:
- assault crossing over major water obstacles;
- committing second-echelon forces into combat;
- repulsing enemy counterblows;
4. organizing troop control and interaction of air defense forces and means;
5. organizing combat support measures and supply of air defense guided rockets.
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ELEMENTS REFLECTED IN THE GRAPHIC PART OF THE PLAN
1. composition, groupings, and likely directions of the attack from the
aerial enemy and the main groupings of enemy ground forces;
2. operational formation of army troops, its command posts, army boundaries,
and army missions;
3. position areas of air defense and radio technical units, immediate adjacent,
front and national air defense means operating in army areas, in
departure (FUP) areas, and in the entire depth of army offensive operations.
The line of reconnaissance of the aerial enemy by radar and the destruction
(killing) zone of air defense means.
4. fighter aviation airfields, lines of intercepting enemy aircraft, areas of
air patrolling;
5. missions conducted by forces and means of other branches of services in the
interest of air defense (where, when, and by what means enemy air targets are
destroyed.
6. directions (areas) of the flight of aircraft carrying airborne assault
troops;
7. bridges and crossings over rivers.
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ELEMENTS REFLECTED IN WRITTEN INSTRUCTIONS
1. brief deductions of the assessment of the enemy;
2. concepts and missions of air defense;
3. combat composition of air defense troops and means and their combat
capability;
4. control of air defense forces and means;
5. organizing coordination (interaction) with fighter aviation and other air
defense means;
6. availability, supplying (delivering), and distributing rockets (rounds);
7. methods of numbering air targets;
8. warning troops of the aerial enemy;
9. combat-readiness and combat standby (on-call) duties of air
defense means.
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ELEMENTS INCLUDED IN ANNEXES TO AIR DEFENSE PLANS
1. plan of detection (reconnaissance) of the aerial enemy;
2. warning and signal diagram;
3. other necessary tables and graphics.
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MISSIONS SPECIFIED AND RECONFIRMED IN ADVANCE DURING AIR DEFENSE OF ASSAULT
RIVER CROSSINGS
1. likely groupings in crossing areas;
\2. form of movement to water obstacles;
3. their deployment on the friendly bank of the water obstacles.
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GROUPS PROVIDING AIR DEFENSE COVER OF SECOND-ECHELON TROOPS IN THEIR
ASSEMBLY AREAS LOCATED IN AREAS OF DEPLOYMENT OF SECOND- ECHELON TROOPS
1. their organic air defense means;
2. fighter aircraft;
3. national air defense forces.
IMPORTANT LOCATIONS IN WHICH ARMY'S AIR DEFENSE MEANS DEPLOY ON DIRECTIONS
OF THE MOVEMENTS OF SECOND-ECHELON FORCES
1. crossing sites;
2. road junctions;
3. built-up areas;
4. open terrain segments;
5. oasises.
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MEANS COVERING COMMITMENT OF ARMY SECOND-ECHELON FORCES INTO COMBAT
1. army air defense rockets and artillery;
2. adjacent divisions air defense means;
3. air defense means of the army's second-echelon troops.
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FACTORS IN THE CONTROL OF AIR DEFENSE TROOPS
1. the process of distributing targets among air defense means;
2. sustaining and continuing control of actions of air defense troops by air
defense chiefs of divisions and commanders of army's air defense large units
and units whose efforts are directed toward the accomplishment of the assigned
missions;
3. all-around support of combat actions.
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FORMS FOR CONDUCTING RECONNAISSANCE (DETECTION) OF THE ENEMY
1. by army air defense radio technical battalions, reconnaissance, and
target acquisition radars of the reconnaissance, and control platoons of air
defense;
2. by chiefs of motorized rifle and tank divisions;
3. by reconnaissance and target acquisition (identification) of air defense
units and subunits;
4. visual observation from all command posts of the troops.
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ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE TWO RADAR POSTS
DEPLOYED ACROSS THE ENEMY'S FRONT AND THE TWO OTHER COMPANIES KEPT IN RESERVE
1. expand radar coverage areas during the conduct of the offensive
operation;
2. establish a new line of radar posts.
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FORMS FOR CONDUCTING WARNING OF TROOPS PRIOR TO THE ACTIVATION OF ARMY
RADARS
1. in a centralized method from the command post of national air defense
large units;
2. in a decentralized method from the command post of the closest radar of
national air defense forces deployed in army areas.
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FORMS FOR CONDUCTING WARNING WHEN ARMY RADAR BECOMES OPERATIONAL
1. in a centralized method from the army air defense control points;
2. in a decentralized method from the closest army radar post or from the
reconnaissance and target identification radar stations (CPU) of divisions and
air defense units.
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AIMS OF AIR DEFENSE IN ARMY DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS
1. to cover main forces and vital army rear service targets;
2. to cover army troops during the conduct of army counterblows
(counterstrikes) against enemy air attacks;
3. to quickly detect (reconnoiter) the aerial enemy.
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MISSIONS OF AIR DEFENSE IN DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS
1. covering main groupings of forces, rocket and artillery troops, vital
rear service targets, and command posts against enemy air strikes;
2. reconnaissance (detection) of the aerial enemy and warning of air defense
troops about him;
3. fighting enemy airborne assault troops and their destruction in the air;
4. covering forces conducting army counterblows (counterstrikes).
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MEANS WHICH COVER AGAINST AIR STRIKES WHILE ARMY LARGE UNITS CONDUCT
COUNTERBLOWS
1. its organic air defense means;
2. air defense units and subunits of first-echelon large units operating in
directions of counterblows (counterstrikes);
3. by army's air defense rocket and artillery units.
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FORMS FOR WARNING TROOPS AND REAR SERVICE TARGETS ABOUT AERIAL ENEMY
ATTACKS
1. a centralized form from the army command posts;
2. a decentralized form from the army radar companies or from local national
air defense forces.
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FACTORS CONSIDERED BY COMMANDERS OF LARGE UNITS WHEN DECIDING ON METHODS
FOR WARNING
1. situations;
2. missions;
3. time.
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TIMES WHEN THE AIMS OF AIR DEFENSE DURING ARMY LONG-DISTANCE MARCHES ARE TO
MAINTAIN FIRM STRIKING POWER OF ARMY TROOPS
1. assembly;
2. marches;
3. arrival in designated areas to conduct combat missions.
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PRINCIPLE MISSIONS OF AIR DEFENSE DURING ARMY MARCHES (MOVEMENTS)
1. covering main forces nd other vital army targets in assembly areas,
during marches, halts, daily, nightly, rest, and twenty-four hour rests, in
passages, bridges, defiles, crossings, passes, etc. against the aerial enemy
and to support organized arrival in designated areas;
2. conducting enemy reconnaissance and warning air defense troops about the
enemy in coordination (interaction) with national air defense forces, and the
military district (front) in the area of jurisdiction in which army
marches are conducted.
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IMPORTANT MEASURES IN THE ORGANIZATION OF AIR DEFENSE
1. receiving missions and instructions from higher echelons on the conduct
of marches (movements) and air defense;
2. making decisions and planning air defense;
3. assigning missions on air defense to troops;
4. establishing groupings of air defense troops;
5. organizing troop control and coordination (interaction).
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POINTS CONSIDERED DURING ORGANIZATION OF ARMY AIR DEFENSE IN LONG-DISTANCE
MOVEMENTS
1. In assessing tactical and technical characteristics of enemy aircraft it
must e noted that enemy air strikes on army troops at a distance of up to 1,000
km from enemy airfields will be launched by enemy tactical aircraft. At longer
distances by enemy strategic aircraft.
2. Strikes on units march columns, railroads, bridges, and other targets will
be launched by groups of four to six or twelve to sixteen and even twenty
aircraft and sometimes more.
3. Flight of enemy aircraft will be conducted at low, medium, and high
altitudes under cover of fighter aircraft and under conditions of heavy
radio-electronic suppression (jamming). Therefore, during movements of army
troops from the interior of the country to the TVD, their air defense covers
must be organized through the entire depth of their movements.
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FORMS OF ARMY MOVEMENTS
1. by organic means;
2. by railroads;
3. by a combined form (using organic means and railroads).
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FORMS FOR ORGANIZATION WHEN THE ARMY MOVES BY ITS ORGANIC MEANS
1. in areas of concentration after the combat alert signal and in assembly
areas;
2. covering march columns during their passage through water obstacles,
mountain passes, defiles, major built-up areas, and road junctions;
3. in small and large halt areas, in areas of day (night) rest, and in
twenty-four hour rest areas.
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FORMS FOR ORGANIZING AIR DEFENSE WHEN THE ARMY MOVES BY RAILROAD
1. in embarkation, debarkation, and re-embarkation areas;
2. covering railroad columns along movement routes;
3. air defense cover at railroad center areas (railheads), bridges, defiles,
passes, and tunnels.
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FORMS FOR ORGANIZING AIR DEFENSE WHEN THE ARMY MOVES IN A COMBINED FORM
1. in areas of concentration after combat alert signals and in assembly
areas;
2. in embarkation, debarkation, and re-embarkation areas;
3. covering marching columns and railroad columns during movements;
4. air defense in small and large halts, in areas of day (night) rests, and in
areas of twenty-four hour rest;
5. air defense while crossing bridges, in major road junction areas, during
passage through mountain passes, defiles, and tunnels.
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FORMS FOR ORGANIZING AIR DEFENSE
1. on the basis of instructions from the general staff (when the army is
directly under the Supreme High Command);
2. in accordance with instructions from military districts;
3. front staff (when army is under their command).
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ITEMS SPECIFIED BY THE GENERAL STAFF (MILITARY DISTRICT COMMAND) IN THEIR
INSTRUCTIONS
1. which large units of national air defense forces and military district
(front) air defense forces and means are deployed in the sector of army
movements and what missions are assigned to them;
2. methods of interaction of army air defense troops with the above air defense
fores;
3. methods of reconnaissance of the aerial enemy and warning army troops about
the flight of enemy aircraft.
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FACTORS THE ARMY COMMANDER ASSESSES WHILE MAKING DECISIONS
1. situations and capabilities of army air defense troops;
2. groupings of national air defense forces and air defense means of military
districts (fronts) which are deployed in army sectors of movement
(march);
3. groupings, capabilities, and characteristics of actions of the aerial enemy.
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INSTRUCTIONS TO THE ARMY'S CHIEF OF AIR DEFENSE BASED ON ASSESSMENTS THE
ARMY COMMANDER
1. which groupings of forces and targets must be covered at what phases;
2. how interaction between army, national air defense forces, and air defense
forces and means of military districts (fronts) should be established;
3. methods of conduct of reconnaissance of enemy, warning, and control of the
air defense troops during the march (movement).
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ELEMENTS THAT ARE REFLECTED IN THE PLAN
1. deductions from assessments of aerial enemies;
2. sectors and directions of army troops marches, departure areas (starting
areas), and aims of marches;
3. marching formations of the army and locations for air defense troops in the
formation;
4. concentration areas per combat alarm signal, assembly areas, areas of
embarkation and debarkation, areas of halts, day (night) rests, areas of
twenty-four hour rest, passes, bridges, defiles and crossings and time for
crossing them. Critical targets which need to be covered against air attacks
(rear service troops and units, crossing sites, mountain passes, defiles, road
junctions, etc.);
5. composition and groupings of national (military district, front) air
defense forces in army march sectors and methods of interaction with them;
6. composition, capabilities, and groupings of army air defense troops and
their relocation through the entire depth of march;
7. organization of defense for air defense rockets and artillery;
8. air defense cover by fighter aircraft;
9. radar reconnaissance and methods of control of radar reconnaissance
elements;
10. methods for numbering air targets during the passage of army troops through
national air defense large units and through territories of Warsaw Pat allies;
11. methods of warning of marching troops;
12. level of combat-readiness and duty (dijurnie)
troops of air defense forces;
13. availability, delivery, and distribution of air defense rockets and shells.
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ELEMENTS WHICH MARCHING COLUMNS MUST SUPPORT AND INSURE IN DISTRIBUTION OF
AIR DEFENSE UNITS AND SUBUNITS TO MOVEMENT DIRECTIONS
1. their rapid deployment into combat formations;
2. establishment of strong reconnaissance and fire systems during stops, rests,
halts, and arrival in assembly areas.
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ACCOMPLISHMENTS PREPARED FOR BY AIR DEFENSE UNITS AND SUBUNITS IN HALT
AREAS, AREAS OF REST, AND IN ASSEMBLY AREAS
1. deploy into combat formations;
2. occupy positions near movement routes;
3. establish reconnaissance and troop control;
4. take measures to receive warning signals about the aerial enemy.
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CRITICAL AREAS TO WHICH A PORTION OF THE AIR DEFENSE TROOPS DEPLOY IN
ADVANCE
1. bridges;
2. passages;
3. defiles;
4. crossings;
5. etc.
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LOCATIONS WHERE THE AIR DEFENSE ARMY PROVIDES AIR DEFENSE
1. areas;
2. targets;
3. main groupings of forces.
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LOCATIONS WHERE AIR DEFENSE ARMIES REPULSE ENEMY AIR STRIKES
1. political and administrative centers;
2. industrial and military areas;
3. other important targets located in its area.
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OTHER COVERAGE MISSIONS OF AIR DEFENSE ARMIES
1. groupings of forces;
2. airfields;
3. aircraft;
4. areas of mobilization of forces;
5. naval bases;
6. communication routes;
7. supply bases;
8. preventing breakthrough of the aerial enemy into the depth of the country.
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MISSIONS OF THE ARMY'S AIR DEFENSE AS RELATED TO CONDUCT OF THE OPERATION
1. air defense of ground forces during their conduct of groupings in the
TVD;
2. reinforce air defense of naval forces at sea and during the conduct of
operations by them;
3. reinforce front air defense during their conduct of operations;
4. air defense of airborne forces and military transport aviation in departure
areas of airborne assault and along their course of flight.
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FACTORS DETERMINING THE COMPOSITION OF THE AIR DEFENSE ARMY
1. missions;
2. significance of directions to be defended;
3. characteristics of TVDs;
4. dimensions of TVDs;
5. number of targets to be covered;
6. characteristics of enemy actions.
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ELEMENTS INCLUDED IN THE COMPOSITION OF THE AIR DEFENSE ARMY
1. five to seven air defense rocket brigades;
2. fifteen to twenty air defense rocket regiments;
3. six to twelve fighter aviation regiments;
4. three to six radio technical brigades (regiments);
5. one separate radio reconnaissance regiment (radio regiment of special
designation - spetsnaz);
6. two to three separate jamming radio technical battalions (separate radio
technical battalions of special designation -
spetsnaz);
7. signal centers;
8. engineer units;
9. chemical protection units;
10. rear service installations.
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MEASURES TAKEN IN ORGANIZATION OF AIR DEFENSE
1. making decisions on air defense;
2. assigning missions to air defense forces and means;
3. planning air defense by the air defense army;
4. deploying air defense forces, establishing groupings of air defense troops,
preparing for combat actions, and maintaining constant readiness to repel enemy
air attacks;
5. organizing air defense cover by fighter aviation;
6. organizing coordination (interaction);
7. organizing troops control;
8. organizing all-around supporting measures including the preparation of air
defense guided rockets.
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AREAS IN WHICH THEY INTERACT IN BOTH CASES
1. repulsing enemy initial massive strikes;
2. covering forces of military districts during their movement;
3. reinforcing air defense of communication routes.
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QUESTIONS RESOLVED DURING THE COORDINATION (INTERACTION) OF THE AIR DEFENSE
ARMY AND MILITARY DISTRICTS (FRONTS) WHILE REPULSING ENEMY INITIAL STRIKES
1. determining methods for conducting reconnaissance and mutual warning
about the enemy;
2. coordinating methods for covering targets by joint actions;
3. specifying and assigning (distributing) lines of commitment for fighter
aviation into combat;
4. specifying methods of coordination (interaction) between fighter aircraft
and air defense rockets;
5. methods of control of air defense troops in repulsing enemy initial massive
strikes.
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METHODS OF WARNING ABOUT THE AERIAL ENEMY
1. in a centralized method from the air defense army's (air defense large
units) command posts;
2. in a decentralized method from command posts of radio technical units.
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SPECIFICATIONS IN THE COORDINATION OF ACTIONS OF FRONT FIGHTER AIRCRAFT AND
THE AIR DEFENSE ARMY
1. assigned troops;
2. directions of actions;
3. lines;
4. control;
5. direction (guidance) of aircraft to targets;
6. others.
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GROUPS RESPONSIBLE FOR ESTABLISHING INTERACTION WHEN ACTIONS ARE CONDUCTED
IN SEPARATE AREAS
1. front's chief of air defense;
2. front fighter aviation division commander;
3. front air army's deputy commander.
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GROUPS WHOSE INSTRUCTIONS FORM THE INITIAL DATA (THE BASIS) FOR PLANNING
1. general staff;
2. instructions of main commands of national air defense forces;
3. main command of naval forces;
4. decision of related commanders.
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ITEMS REFLECTED IN THE WRITTEN PART OF THE PLAN
1. missions of interacting troops;
2. composition of interacting forces and means;
3. organizing interaction;
4. controlling interacting forces;
5. organizing support of interacting forces and means.
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ISSUES SPECIFIED IN THE GRAPHIC PART OF ORGANIZING INTERACTION
1. reconnaissance of the enemy;
2. warning and mutual information about the situation;
3. methods of joint action in covering front (fleet) forces in their
permanent garrisons;
4. methods of joint action in repulsing the initial massive strike of the
aerial enemy;
5. methods of joint actions in covering troops during their deployment and at
departure (FUP) areas;
6. organizing joint actions while conducting offensive operations.
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POINTS REFLECTED ON THE MAP OF INTERACTION
1. main directions of actions of aerial enemies, composition, and character
of his actions;
2. boundaries of interacting formations within which interaction is conducted;
3. groupings and compositions of forces involved in interactions;
4. targets to be covered;
5. command posts, guidance (direction) [points, boundaries (limits) of radar
operation (ranges) areas;
6. fire areas (sectors) of air defense rocket units;
7. line of commitment for fighter aircraft into combat;
8. areas of combat patrolling for fighter aviation in the air.
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FORMS FOR CONDUCTING AIR DEFENSE OF SEABORNE ASSAULT FORCES
1. direct air defense of each group or detachment;
2. area air defense of all moving formations of seaborne assault forces.
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GROUPS WHO CONDUCT BY RADAR MEANS RECONNAISSANCE OF THE AERIAL ENEMY DURING
MOVEMENTS AT SEA
1. ships of seaborne assault forces;
2. surface ships;
3. radar aircraft;
4. helicopters (AWACS).
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PRINCIPLE MEANS OF AIR DEFENSE OF SEABORNE ASSAULT FORCES
1. 57mm antiaircraft guns;
2. ZSU-23-4s;
3. Strela-2Ms;
4. antiaircraft machine guns.
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FORMS OF CONDUCTING SURVEILLANCE OF THE AERIAL ENEMY ON THREATENED
DIRECTIONS
1. radar aircraft (AWACS);
2. helicopters;
3. radar ships.
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GROUPS WHICH CONDUCT AIR DEFENSE OF SEABORNE ASSAULT FORCES ON THE SHORE
1. its organic and attached air defense means;
2. fighter aviation;
3. air defense means of ships.
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