SOVIET VOROSHILOV ACADEMY LECTURES
ARMY OPERATIONS

II. ARMY HEADQUARTERS

II. ARMY HEADQUARTERS 1

OPERATIONS 1

Sample operational instruction front to army 1

Operational directive of the Central Front 1

Planning documents 3

Contents of the army commander's decision on the offensive operation 4

Components of the concept of the operation 4

Calendar plan 4

Planning army operation 8

Content of operations plan 8

Operations plan 9

Graphic parts of the plan as drawn on the map 9

Factors included in the written part of the plan along with the remaining instructions, information, and calculations 9

Explanatory notes for the plan 10

Combat grouping of army 11

Distribution of support units 12

Availability and time of use of chemical and nuclear weapons 13

Destruction of targets in first nuclear strike 14

Distribution of air support 15

Correlation of forces tables 16

Measures to protect against nuclear wpns 19

Availability and technical condition of tanks 20

Availability, location, and distribution of material supply 21

Warning signal plan 22

Appendices of the operation plan 23

Plan for the initial nuclear strike 23

Content of operations plan for nuclear strike 23

Plan for interaction 24

Content of the plan for interaction 24

Interaction of army units with air defense 26

Preparation of attack assembly areas 26

Contents of the plan for preparing and occupying the attack assembly areas 26

Contents of the written instructions of the plan for occupying FUP area 27

Plans for combat support measures 27

Army operational directive 27

Sample army operational directive 29

Sample blank army operational directive 38

Combat instructions from army to division 47

Sample combat instructions from army to division 48

Blank sample combat instructions from army to division 51

Combat report 54

Operations summary 55

Compiled summary of combat experience 56

Journal of combat operations 57

Situation report map 58

RECONNAISSANCE 59

Instructions on Reconnaissance from front 59

Army commander's instructions on reconnaissance 60

The chief of staff's actions on reconnaissance 61

Chief of Staff instructions on reconnaissance

61

Duties of the chief of reconnaissance 63

Estimate of the situation by chief of reconnaissance 64

Report and suggestions of chief of reconnaissance 65

Guiding data of Reconnaissance plan 68

Calculations of Recon forces 69

Sequence for preparing reconnaissance plan

70

Plan for employment of reconnaissance troops 71

Written instructions to army reconnaissance plan 72

Army plan map 78

Instructions of army staff on reconnaissance to the chief of reconnaissance of the division 79

Artillery 81

Combat instructions from front staff to army on rocket troops and artillery 81

Instructions of the army commander on determing missions, targets, and means for using rocket forces 82

Instructions of the army commander in determining the missions for artillery 83

Instructions of army staff on rocket troops and artillery to the chief of rocket troops and artillery of the division 83

Format - Suggestions of Chief of RT&A to Commander 84

Report and Suggestions of Chief of RT&A to commander 85

Plan for employment of Rocket Troops 88

Distribution of army artillery and front artillery 89

Graphic of arty prep fire 91

Availability and location of material supplies 92

AIR 93

Combat instructions of the air army staff of the front to the ground army on aviation matters (army's helicopters etc 93

Combat instructions of the army commander on aviation means and helicopters subordinate to him 94

Missions of the group of combat control 95

Points for guidance and target designation 96

Report of air army control group leader to army commander 96

Army commander decision on use of air 97

Allocation of flight sorties to divisions 98

Distribution of air sorties in terms of missions 99

Orders of army commander on air assault operations 100

Instructions of the army staff on air forces (helicopters) to the division staff 101

AIR DEFENSE 102

Combat instructions of front staff to the army on PVO 102

Army commander's decision on air defense 104

Army commander's instructions on air defense 104

Combat Instructions of the army commander on PVO 104

Suggestions by Chief of air defense of army 107

Contents of army commander's decision on air defense 108

Written instructions on air defense plan 109

Air defense annex to army plan 110

Calculations done by air defense planners 111

Distribution of air defense means to missions 112

Availability delivery and distribution of material means 113

Graphic of repulse of enemy initial air strike 114

Graphic of air defense operation 115

Instructions of the army staff on air defense (PVO) to the divisions 116

ENGINEER 118

Instructions from Chief of engineers at front 119

Format - Suggestions of Chief of engineers to Commander 120

Report and Suggestions of Chief of engineers to commander 121

Estimate of situation by Chief of engineers 122

Plan for employment of engineers 123

Distribution of front engineers 125

SIGNAL 127

Instructions from Chief of Signal at front 128

Format - Suggestions of Chief of Signal to Commander 129

Report and Suggestions of Chief of Signal to commander 130

Estimate of situation by Chief of Signal 131

Plan for employment of Signal Troops 132

Distribution of signal units in army 134

RADIO ELECTRONIC WARFARE 135

Instructions from Chief of REC at front 136

Format - Suggestions of Chief of REC to Commander 137

Report and Suggestions of Chief of REC to commander 138

Estimate of situation by Chief of REC 139

Plan for employment of REC Troops 140

MASKIROVKA 141

Maskirovka plans 142

DEFENSE AGAINST MASS DESTRUCTION WEAPONS 144

REAR SERVICE 145

Instructions from Chief of Rear Services at front 146

Format - Suggestions of Chief of Rear Services to Commander 147

Report and Suggestions of Chief of Rear Services to commander 148

Estimate of situation by Chief of Rear Services 149

Plan for employment of Rear service troops 150

Distribution of material means and rear service units from front 151

Echelonment of material means in the Army 152

Figure 1 Calendar Plan 6

Figure 2 Calendar Plan (cont) 7

Figure 3 Combat Grouping of Army 11

Figure 4 Distribution of Support Units 12

Figure 5 Availability and Time of Use of Chemical and nuclear Weapons 13

Figure 6 Destruction of Targets in First Nuclear Strike 14

Figure 7 Distribution of air support 15

Figure 8 Correlation of Forces Tables 16

Figure 9 Correlation of forces table (cont) 17

Figure 10 Correlation of forces (cont) 18

Figure 11 Availability of Tanks SP Guns, and Armored Vehicles 20

Figure 12 Availability, Location and Distribution of material Supplies 21

Figure 13 Warning Signal Plan 22

Figure 14 Interaction plan 25

Figure 15 Combat report 54

Figure 16 Operations summary 55

Figure 17 Compiled summary of combat experience 56

Figure 18 Combat operations journal 57

Figure 19 Situation report map 58

Figure 20 Composition of army recon forces 68

Figure 21 Distribution of recon forces 69

Figure 22 Written instruction to army recon plan 77

Figure 23 Army recon plan map 78

Figure 24 Graphic for initial nuclear strike 88

Figure 25 Distribution of army and front artillery 89

Figure 26 Map of army artillery plan 90

Figure 27 Graphic of artillery prep fire 91

Figure 28 Availability of material supplies 92

Figure 29 Distribution of engineer troops 125-6

II. ARMY HEADQUARTERS

Operations

This section contains the combat documents received by, prepared in and issued by the army operations directorate. They include orders and instructions as well as elements of the operations plan. There is also a short discussion of the commander's decision and planning process. For further discussion refer to Chapter Three.



Sample Operational Instruction Front to Army

The army receives its orders in the form of an extract of the front operational directive. The form and content of this instruction follows:

I. Enemy situation: a brief description of the enemy facing the army and its expected courses of action.

II. The content of the orders to the army describing its missions.

III. The support provided by actions of front forces and means in the army area.

IV. Troop control: The location and movement of the front command post, signal communication measures and the succession for the front commander.

V. The time and location at which the army commander must report his decision to the front commander.

A sample of the operational instructions received by the army follows:

Command Post ... map 1:1,000,000, 1983 ed. 1330 1, 2, 1985



I. Enemy Situation

In accordance with the international crisis and the deterioration of the international situation, the enemy has secretly brought his armed forces to a state of full combat readiness, and is preparing a surprise invasion into the territory of the countries of the Warsaw Pact.

The Eighth Guards Army is confronted by the US V Corps. Its first echelon is composed of __ mechanized and armored divisions, __ Armored Cavalry Regiment ___ nuclear SSM's, ___ nuclear artillery pieces, ____tanks, ___ artillery, ____SAM's and ____aircraft and helicopters.

In the second echelon, the US V Corps has deployed ___ while mobilizing German and French units are in reserve with a total of ___ divisions, ___ nuclear SSM's, ___nuclear artillery pieces, ___ tanks,___ artillery, ___SAM's, and ___ aircraft and helicopters.

The enemy operation is supported by ___combat aircraft including ___ aircraft with nuclear capabilities. The enemy will try to destroy the Warsaw Pact forces by a surprise and decisive attack and disrupt its preparation for the offensive operation.  If the Warsaw Pact forces are able to overtake the enemy in preparations and launch of the attack, the enemy is likely to conduct delaying action along several pre-prepared defensive lines mostly on main rivers to inflict the heaviest losses on WP forces and eventually destroy it in counter-blows.

The enemy's counter-blows are likely to be launched from the line: ___________ in the direction of ______________, and from the line: _________ in the direction of __________________.



II. The Eighth Guards Army reinforced with _____ artillery division, ______ anti-tank regt, _______:

Advances from the line _______________ by breaking the enemy's defense line between ___ and ___ to launch the main blow in the direction Borndorf - Bad Hersfeld - Wetzlar - Simmern to destroy the enemy's main forces in the area ____, _____, _______________, __________. At the end of D + 3 reach the line Wetzlar - Bad Nauheim. Subsequently advance in the direction _______________ to destroy on the march the enemy's arriving reserves in the area ___, ___, ___, ___ and at the end of the operation's _______ day seize the line ______, _________. Alloted for the conduct of the operation are __ nuclear, __ chemical, __ conventional missile warheads.

The army FUP area is 1352 - Gotha - Zelle - Seitz - Weissenfeld.

On the right is the First Guards Tank Army

The boundary with them follows the line Eilenburt - E 11^o 34' - Eisenach - Mast 2474 - N 51^o 13' - 1427 (E 80^o 26', N 50^o 8') - Rhine at Neuwied.

On the left is the Twenty-eighth Guards Army

The boundary with them follows the line Mittwelda - Kahla - 2425 (E 10^o 26' N 50^o 37') - Gersfeld - Bad Vilbel - Frankfurt - Rhine at Bingen - Trier.

Position the command post in the _____________ area, and the rear control post in the _____________ area.



III. The following enemy sites in the army's attack zone are destroyed by the front's rocket brigades: ________, _____.

The Eighth Guards Army will receive ___ regimental sorties per day during the accomplishment of the immediate mission and ___ regimental sorties per day during its accomplishment of its subsequent mission.

The army will coordinate air defense with the ___ Fighter Division operating in tis sector and the ___ SAM Brigade in sector.



IV. The front command post is in the area of _________.

The front forward command post is in the area of __________________.

The front rear control point is in the area of ___________________.

The command post, forward command post and the rear control post move forward in the direction of _________________.

Deputies: the front chief of staff, the first deputy commander of the front, and the chief of the political directorate.

Communications are organized with all control points through radio, radio-relay, telephone-telegraph, with subordinates, neighbors and units interacting with yours.



V. The army commander will report his decision to the front commander at ___ hrs. The army will be prepared to initiate the offensive by ___ hrs.



Signatures:

1.  Chief of the Operational Directorate

2.  Front Chief of Staff

3.  Front Commander

Planning documents

The following is a summary of the planning documents prepared by the army headquarters.

Offensive operation plan 1:200,000 or 1:100,000 map with instructions and calendar plan;

Initial nuclear strike 1:200,000 or 1:100,000 map with written instructions;

Preparation and occupation of FUP areas 1:100,000 map with written instructions on the map;

Employment of airborne assault units 1:100,000 map with written instructions on the map;

Employment of rocket troops and artillery 1:200,000 or 1:100,000 map with written instructions;

Air defense plan 1:200,000 map with instructions on the map, plus the alert scheme;

Reconnaissance plan maps with written instructions or written form with map annex;

Operational concealment plan written

Protection against mass destruction weapons and eliminating impact of their use written form with map annex;

Engineer support plan 1:200,000 map with written instructions on the map - large scale maps for special tasks;

Chemical support plan 1:100,000 map with written instructions on the map;

Radioelectronic suppression plan 1:200,000 map with written instructions on the map;

Rear services plan Map with written instructions;

Deployment and movement of command posts map with instructions

Communications plan radio diagram with calculations of number of radios, radio relay diagram wire diagram and calculations of signal troops;

Political affairs plan written

Contents of the Army Commander's Decision on the Offensive Operation

The army commander's decision is the basis for all planning, orders, and instructions. It is based on his clarification of the higher commander's orders and his estimate of the situation. (See Chapter Three for full discussion). The decision covers the following issues.

Concept of the operation - missions, targets, and methods of employment of the nuclear weapons;

Missions of motorized and tank divisions (army corps), rocket and artillery troops, supporting air forces, airborne assault elements, missions of air defense troops and different reserves;

Items related to coordination;

Measures to support the combat actions of the troops;

Troop control.

Components of the Concept of the Operation

The commander's concept of the operation is the central, key element in his decision. This concept must be promulgated to the staff and all subordinates. Clarifying this concept becomes the first task of subordinate commanders.

Method of destruction of enemy

Direction of main and other attacks

Use of means of destruction

Operational formation (grouping)

Calendar Plan

This is prepared to show all measures including each document of the operations plan, the specified time and responsible person for preparing each document, the time of ratification by the chief of staff and approval by the army commander. The time allocation for preparing the operation is shown in tabular form.

The calendar plan is prepared by the chief of operations and chief of staff. It is the plan for how the planning will be accomplished. The calendar plan lists all the component parts and annexes to the army plan and all the major steps to be taken in preparing the troops and assembly areas for the operation. It is a GANT diagram showing the time intervals during which each activity will be accomplished and the time by which each must be completed. For the elements of the plan it shows when they will be presented to the commander for his approval. There are some indications in Soviet literature that they may be experimenting with use of PERT charts instead of GANT diagram to prepare the Clendar plan.

ACTIVITIES OF COMMANDER AND ORGANS OF CONTROL OF ARMY

Planning Army Operation

The following is a brief summary of the main points relevant to understanding the nature of the planning process and the content of army plans found in this chapter. For a full discussion of this topic, see Chapter Three.

Planning is executed by the army staff on the basis of the commander's decision and instructions.

Planning is conducted in order to determine and set the methods of execution and most feasible forms for accomplishing the army missions.

Planning considers the expected results of destructive means of higher headquarters, the distribution of effort of the forces and means to the tasks and directions, the details of close interaction among the troops during the execution, the organization of combat support measures, and organization of troops control.

Planning of the initial nuclear strike and the combat operations of units on the first day and to the immediate mission are planned in greater detail.

Planning also includes methods and groupings for repelling enemy surprise attacks.



Content of Operations Plan

The operations plan is the basic, official document of record. The process for its preparation includes the following activities and considerations. Detailed calculations of the correlation of forces across the entire army zone and separately on each attack direction including the analysis of quantity and quality of enemy forces as well as the effectiveness of nuclear and non-nuclear weapons.

Detailed planning of the breakthrough of prepared defenses is developed in conventional war.

Detailed planning for the concentration of necessary groupings of troops and means.

Detailed planning of preparatory and attack supporting fires based on extensive reconnaissance.

Complete calculations of the exact location of enemy strongpoints, armor protected targets, density of artillery, tanks, and motorized units.

Determination of the number of artillery pieces, tanks and aircraft to be employed in preparatory and supporting fires and other fire support.

Distribution of the targets to be destroyed to the firing units.

Coordination of fire support with maneuver of infantry and tank large units in terms of time, place, and objectives during the attack and breakthrough.

Organization of necessary measures to cover troops against air strikes.

Organization of all types of combat supporting measures and troop control.

Measures to support the development of the penetration toward the flanks and to the depth.

Methods for repelling counterattacks and for consolidating captured objectives.



Operations Plan

The form and content of the operations plan is described in chapter three. The plan is the map on which its content is depicted. There are 13 supplementary textual and tabular items attached to the plan and placed on it in the margins. These show various data about the operation and forces and means committed to it. They are provided for information purposes so that everyone studying the plan will be aware of these matters. The information is also made a record part of the plan for historical and archival purposes. While the original data is entered into the historical record with the original plan, the information in the tables is also kept current on a daily basis along with other changes in planning as the operation progresses. They are discussed on the following pages.



Graphic Parts of the Plan as Drawn on the Map

The map (plan) shows the following essential information. This is kept current by officers of the operations directorate.

Groupings of enemy forces and their possible courses of action;

Operational formation of the army's units for the operation at the attack assembly (FUP) area.  The immediate and subsequent missions of the army, their contents, depths, the time of their accomplishment and the rates of unit advances;

Directions of main and supporting attacks;

Targets to be destroyed during the initial nuclear strikes;

Missions and targets of chemical weapons;

Missions of first-echelon divisions (corps), the time of their accomplishment, and the boundaries;

Method of commitment of the second-echelon divisions into combat and its missions;

Composition, missions, landing areas, and the time of insertion of airborne and seaborne units;

Locations of army and divisional command posts at the beginning of the operation and the axes of their advance during the operation;

Scale of the operation (depth, front, rate of advance, and duration).



Factors Included in the Written Part of the Plan Along with the Remaining Instructions, Information, and Calculations

The following information is shown in tabular form on the map. (See following sections for examples).

Best estimate (brief estimate) of the enemy alignment of forces, his capabilities, intentions, and possible actions;

Aim and concept of the army offensive operation and targets to be destroyed during the initial nuclear strikes;

Combat composition and combat capabilities of army units and attachments of support arms (distribution of supporting means);

Existence of nuclear and chemical ammunition, the time of their delivery, and their distribution;

Allocation of supporting aircraft flights to the missions and to the divisions;

Correlation of troops and means of opposing forces and the method of the occupation of attack starting areas by army units;

Means of insuring the safety of friendly forces during the delivery of initial nuclear strikes;

Method of executing preparatory and attack supporting fires;



Existence and distribution of supplies;


Other matters.



Explanatory Notes for the Plan

These notes are an integral part of the operations plan (map) and are displayed on it. They are thus available for everone who comes to the headquarters to study of the plan. The first three notes are written text. They are the following items.

1. Estimate of the opponent's possible actions: This section is a brief summary of the estimate prepared during the estimate of the situation on which the commander's decision is based. Any changes in the enemy's probable course of action is an immediate trigger for consideration on changing the plan or making other appropriate response.

2. Concept and aim of the operation: This is the commander's expression of the fundamental purpose he seeks to achieve and the main measures he plans to take to achieve it.

3. The scope of the operation: This is the statistics on the width, depth, duration, and average rate of advance established for the army operation.

The sample used in the army plan accompanying this handbook follows. This plan cooresponds to the sample front, army, and division directives included in this book.

PLAN OF OFFENSIVE OPERATION OF EIGHTH GUARDS ARMY

I. ESTIMATE OF PROBABLE ENEMY ACTION

Elements of the U.S V Corps are deployed directly against the forces of the Eighth Guards Army. The first echelon of the corps is composed of the 3rd Armored Division and 8th Mechanized Infantry Division with a total of 18 nuclear missile systems, 300 nuclear artillery pieces, 640 tanks, 350 artillery pieces and mortars, 440 SAM systems, 470 helicopters, and ___ fixed wing aircraft.

In the second echelon of the V Corps is the 5th Infantry Division and probably elements of West German tank forces will operate in the area, composed of ___ nuclear missile systems, 100 nuclear artillery pieces, 130 artillery pieces and mortars, 290 tanks,100 SAM systems, and 74 combat helicopters.

The 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment and border troops are deployed in front of the forward defense area in the security zone. During the operation the combat action of the enemy forces will be supported by ___ combat aircraft with nuclear capability from the U.S. and West German national air forces and the 4th ATAF of Central Army Group.

In general the enemy can launch ___ nuclear rocket strikes and aerial bombs in the area of operation of the Eighth Guards Army and against rear services installations of the army and the front during the conduct of his operation.

The West German III Corps in the north and U. S. VII Corps in the south are deployed on the flanks of the U. S. V Corps. Their operations can affect the forces of the Eighth Guards Army. Movement and arrival of strategic reserves composed of U. S. and French armed forces and mobilization reserves of West Germany are likely during the operation in the area of the Eighth Guards Army.

The enemy tries to inflict losses on and destroy the Warsaw Pact forces and seize vital territories by a surprise and decisive offensive operation. If the Warsaw Pact forces overtake the enemy in initiation of offensive operations, the forces of the U. S. V Corps are likely to hold a pre-prepared defensive line along the Bad Hersfeld, Niedervaule, Schlitz, Fulda, Gersfeld, and Bad Heustadt line, to inflict maximum losses on the Eighth Guards Army by defensive action, and then launch counter strikes by the second echelon forces from the line of Birstein - Gedern in the direction of Grekenhain, Lauerbach, Bad Hersfeld, and from the line of Neustadt - Homberg in the direction of Kirtarf, Alsfeld -Niederaula.

II. AIM AND CONCEPT OF OPERATION

Aim:
Using the result of strategic and frontal nuclear strikes, destroy the enemy rocket forces and the main elements of the U. S. V Corps and then rapidly develop the offensive on the direction Bad Hersfeld - Alfeld - Giessen. Then destroy the enemy corps reserve and after that develop the offensive on the direction Hanhausen - Limburg - Wetzlar and in interaction with the Twenty Eighth CAA destroy the principal forces of the U. S. Vth and VIIth Corps and occupy the line Boss - Gillenbeuren - Bullay - Sohrem.

Concept: In the initial nuclear strike, by using ( ) nuclear rockets with a total yield of ( ) kilotons. The enemy's nuclear rocket and artillery troops in areas ___, his air force in areas ____, his main infantry and tank forces in areas ___, and the enemy's command posts at ___ are destroyed and decisive losses are inflicted on the enemy's air defense troops in areas ___, and on his rear service installations in areas ___.

Exploiting the results of the initial strategic nuclear strike and nuclear strikes of the front and army means the army attacks the enemy along the line of Bad Hersfeld, Schlitz, Fulda, and Gersfeld and develops its attack by its main forces; i.e. the 16th, 18th, and 19th Motorized Rifle Divisions in the direction of Bad Hersfeld, Alsfeld, and Wetzlar; and during the operation by employing additional ( ) rockets with a total yield of ( ) kilotons destroys the main forces of the U. S. V Corps in the area; Bad Hersfeld, Alsfeld, Giessen, Echzell, Gedern, and Fulda and seizes on the third day the line of Wettenberg, Butzbach, Bad Nauheim, and Nidderau. Subsequently by committing the second echelon forces into the engagement the army develops the attack in the direction of Wetzlar, Limburg, Boppord, and Simmern and during the conduct of the operation, by using ( ) nuclear rockets with a total yield of ( ) kilotons destroys newly detected enemy nuclear weapons, destroys the enemy's approaching reserves from the line of march, conducts assault crossing over the Rhine River and with the cooperation of and by exploiting the success of the Twenty-eighth CAA encircles and destroys the main forces of the U. S. Vth and VIIth Corps and approaching strategic reserves, and on the 7th day of the operation seizes the line of Boss, Gillenbeuren, Bullay and Sohren.

The army's operational formation is established in two echelons:
----- - in the first echelon: the 16th, 18th, 19th, and 21st Motorized Rifle Divisions;
----- - in the second echelon: the 17th and 20th Tank Divisions; - the 31st Separate Tank Regiment is the army's reserve.

III. SCOPE

-----Width: 55 Km
-----Depth: 240 Km
-----Duration: 7 Days
-----Rate of advance: 35 Km/ day



Combat Grouping of Army

This table (number 4) shows the name and number of major subordinate formations that will be available on each day of the operation.

Distribution of Support Units

This is table 5 for the army plan. It shows the distribution of artillery, air defense, engineer and chemical troops from army and (when given) from front to the major formations (divisions) and other units, and which will be held in army reserve.

Availability and Time of Use of Chemical and Nuclear Weapons

This is table 6 in the explanatory notes for the army plan. It shows the number of nuclear, chemical, and special rocket warheads by yield and rocket type. It shows how many are on hand in army depots and with the troops and how many are expected to arrive during the operation. The same warheads are shown divided according to the formations and units that will use them or receive their support, and according to the sequence of major army tasks and milestones for the operation.

Destruction of Targets in First Nuclear Strike

This table summarizes the distribution of targets and firing units. It shows such data as the warhead yield, height of burst, degree of defeat of the target and time for the strike. Several variants will be worked out and kept current for quick response when the order is given.

Distribution of Air Support

This is section eight of the explanatory notes to the army plan. It is a written description of the aircraft support the air army will provide to the army. The first section shows the distribution of aircraft in sorties according to the sequence of army missions and major milestone activities. The second section shows the same aircraft sorties distributed by each day of the operation.

a. In missions of the operation: ____, _____, _____, etc.

b. In days of the operation: ______, ______, ______,. etc.



Correlation of Forces Tables

This is the most important table (number 9) in that it depicts the calculation of force ratios and densities which play such an important part in Soviet planning. It is a set of correlations, made for different times and locations. One table shows the total number of friendly and enemy forces and means at the beginning of the operation and expected to be remaining after each major event. Other tables show the correlation on individual axes and for various other milestones.

Measures to Protect Against Nuclear Weapons

This is the tenth section in the explanatory notes for the army plan. It is a brief written description of the following three topics:

a. Safe line for nuclear fires:

b. Warning signals indicating nuclear explosions are immanent:

c. Marking of own troops locations: The methods that will be used to mark the location of the forward line of troops visually to insure that pilots can distinguish friend from foe. The troops carry colored marker panels, which are displayed on the ground upon proper signal.

Availability and Technical Condition of Tanks, Self-propelled Guns, and Armored Vehicles

This table (number 11) shows the number of tanks and other armored vehicles available in operational condition and how many are in each category of maintenance in each division and major formation. The categories are in accordance with standard Soviet norms for kilometers before next scheduled maintenance.

Availability, Location, and Distribution of Material Supply

This table (number 12) shows the distribution of most types of ammunition, POL, and food available for the operation either on hand or due in and how much must remain at the end of the operation. The ammunition is measured in units of fire, fuel in refills, and food in days of rations.

Warning Signal Plan

The warning signal plan gives the main alarm signals, and means for identification.

Appendices of the Operation Plan

Plan of the army's participation in initial nuclear strikes;

Plan of preparation and occupation of the attack starting areas;

Plan for restoring the combat capabilities of the troops and eliminating the impact of the enemy's strikes; Other documents.

Plan for the Initial Nuclear Strike

The army always prepares a plan for its participation in the initial nuclear strike even when the expectation is that the war will begin with only conventional weapons.

The army plan is integrated in the front plan.

The front plans to destroy enemy nuclear delivery means, inflict decisive casualties on enemy troops, air forces, air defense forces, command posts and other targets.

The army plan specifies each target, which large unit should engage it, the center of explosion, the number and yields of nuclear weapons, the altitude of airburst, and the safety distance for friendly forces.

It is not possible to know in detail the results of the mutual nuclear strikes ahead of time. Consequently plans for subsequent phases of action must be reevaluated in detail using post strike reconnaissance and operational data.

Plan is drawn graphically on a 1:200,000 or 1:100,000 scale map with written instructions on the map or it could be a written plan with map annex.

Content of Operations Plan for Nuclear Strike

The method of combat against enemy air forces during repulse of the enemy's surprise attack, during the advance and occupation of FUP areas, launching the attack and during destruction of each enemy grouping.

Measures necessary to destroy enemy nuclear weapons, command posts and vital rear services.

Methods for seizing vital terrain features.

Allocation of air units and artillery to destroy rocket launching pans, nuclear artillery, nuclear weapons depots, and artillery

Employment of deep reconnaissance and sabotage (subversion) groups, airborne landing units and special detachments.

Plan for Interaction

The Soviet command stresses the importance of interaction (coordination) among all participating organizations and individuals. This is carefully planned by the commander and staff and the commander uses his explaination of interaction as an important opportunity for insuring that everyone knows his role in the operation. Following are some main points:

Interaction is one of the most important measures;

Planned in greater detail for the initial nuclear strikes, first day of operation, and for repelling possible enemy attacks;

Planned in lesser detail due to difficulties in assessing the situation for later days up to the immediate mission;

Only estimated for the period of accomplishing the long range mission;

Main points are specified in the commander's decision and their detailed illustration is shown in the plan of interaction, plan for offensive operation, plans for employment of combat arms and plans for combat support measures;

Interaction is achieved by assigning clear missions to subordinate large units and by mutual understanding regarding execution of missions;

In conventional war the most important issues are to determine the methods and sequences for neutralizing enemy forces in the security zone and main defense positions by use of artillery and tactical air strikes, for passing the state boundaries, for commitment of advanced detachments and main bodies into combat, and the form of destruction of the enemy's first echelon main forces.

Content of the Plan for Interaction

The following are the main points found in the plan for interaction. The plan is generally prepared as a table. A sample blank table is provided.

Missions of army elements and other cooperating large units at the beginning and during the operation;

The method for accomplishing missions;

Signals for coordination, identification of targets, mutual identification, and mutual alert;

For interaction a special signal network is established and liaison officers are exchanged.

Army Cooperation (Interaction) Plan

Interaction of Army Units with Air Defense

Effective air defense is a critical prerequisite for operations. The following are the main points to insure close interaction between the ground and air defense and air forces.

Specify when and what air defense troops and means are employed to cover the army rocket brigade, strike groupings, command posts, and rocket mobile base;

Specify the time and method for relocation of SAM and radiotechnical unit positions;

Actions of air defense units are also coordinated with those of adjacent armies' air defense forces and fighter aircraft.

Preparation of Attack Assembly Areas

The Soviets place great stress on the proper preparation of all assembly areas, from the initial concentration area which may be occupied on the alarm by the troops moving out of garrisons to the final FUP area or pre-attack jump off position, if occupied. The following are the main points relevant to the preparation of FUP areas.

Should facilitate simultaneous and organized passage of units into the offensive;

Must provide for protection against mass destruction weapons;

Must provide capability for conducting strong defense against enemy surprise attack;

Require extensive engineer construction;

For first echelon divisions should be 20 - 40 km from state border to protect against enemy artillery and rocket fire;

Require direct and lateral roads, column routes and movement regulating lines etc.

Positions for covering troops (security zone) are 1 to 5 km from state border;

Positions for artillery and rocket battalions are prepared in the security zone;

Attack starting areas may be occupied during 2 nights with considerable concealment.

Contents of the Plan for Preparing and Occupying the Attack Assembly Areas

Combat formation of first echelon divisions, regiments, and artillery battalions and the method of their movement into specified areas;

Composition and groupings of covering troops;

Locations of second-echelon and army reserves and their areas of responsibility;

Fire position areas of rocket and artillery troops;

Positions of air defense units and large units;

Command posts of the army and the divisions;

Areas and lines of construction engineer obstacles and demolitions;

Other information (instructions).

Contents of the Written Instructions of the Plan for Occupying FUP Area

Estimate of the enemy's possible actions in the directions of future attacks, with and without the employment of nuclear weapons;

Missions of army units to repel possible enemy invasion (attack);

Object of preparing the assembly (FUP) areas for the troops and basic measures to be taken in their construction;

Character (nature) of engineer construction;

Troops and means to conduct engineer works and the time of their execution;

Method of movement into and occupation of the assembly (FUP) areas by the army units.

Plans for Combat Support Measures

Combat support measures are a very specific set of actions. These are discussed in the text. They are organized on the basis of the commander's decision and instructions and planned by the direct supervision of the chief of staff.

Detailed plans for each type of measure are issued to the units in the form of combat instructions signed by the chief of staff;

The army staff controls and coordinates all actions concerning all types of combat support measures;

Army Operations Directive

The army operational directive is prepared by the Chief of the Operations directorate under supervision of the Chief of Staff. It is based on the army commander's decision. It is a written statement in order form of the first day's combat actions shown for the addressee in the plan. The operational directive has the following structure and content:

Enemy situation: This section contains a succinct description of the nature of the opposing forces and character of their actions.

Mission conducted by forces and means of the front and adjacents: This section contains the commander's understanding of the front mission as developed in his "clarrification of the mission" and the relevant aspects of the actions by adjacents.

Concept of the operation: This is the description of the commander's understanding of how he intends to carry out the army mission as he developed it in his decision making process.

I order: This is the actual statement of exactly what is required from the subordinates.

Control of army troops: This provides information on the location and movement of the army command post and who will be the commander's deputies.

A sample of an army operational directive follows:

I Approve --/--/89 Serial Number:______
Commander Eighth Guards Army SECRET
Major General ____ Copy Number: _______
Sig

The commander of the Eighth Guards Army for offensive operations.

Command Post at Wickerstedt,___________, (time) _______________
(date), Map 1:250,000 August 1983 ed.



I. ENEMY SITUATION:

As a result of the development of acute international tension NATO is secretly engaged in bringing its armed forces to the state of full combat readiness and intends to launch a surprise attack on the territories of Warsaw Pact countries.

Elements of the U.S V Corps are deployed directly against the forces of the Eighth Guards Army. The first echelon of the corps is composed of the 3rd Armored Division and 8th Mechanized Infantry Division with a total of ___ nuclear missile systems, ___ nuclear artillery pieces, ___tanks, ___ artillery pieces and mortars, ___SAM systems, ___helicopters, and ___ fixed wing aircraft.

In the second echelon of the V Corps is the ___ Infantry Division and probably elements of West German tank forces will operate in the area, composed of ___ nuclear missile systems, ___ nuclear artillery pieces, ___ artillery pieces and mortars, ___ tanks, ___ SAM systems, and ___ combat helicopters.

The 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment and border troops are deployed in front of the forward defense area in the security zone. During the operation the combat action of the enemy forces will be supported by ___ combat aircraft with nuclear capability from the U.S. and West German national air forces and the 4th ATAF of Central Army Group.

In general the enemy can launch ___ nuclear rocket strikes and aerial bombs in the area of operation of the Eighth Guards Army and against rear services installations of the army and the front during the conduct of his operation.

The West German III Corps in the north and U. S. VII Corps in the south are deployed on the flanks of the U. S. V Corps. Their operations can affect the forces of the Eighth Guards Army. Movement and arrival of strategic reserves composed of U. S. and French armed forces and mobilization reserves of West Germany are likely during the operation in the area of the Eighth Guards Army.

The enemy tries to inflict losses on and destroy the Warsaw Pact forces and seize vital territories by a surprise and decisive offensive operation. If the Warsaw Pact forces overtake the enemy in initiation of offensive operations, the forces of the U. S. V Corps are likely to hold a pre-prepared defensive line along the Bad Hersfeld, Hiederaule, Schlitz, Fulda, Gersfeld and Bad Heustadt line, to inflict maximum losses on the Eighth Guards Army by defensive action, and then launch counter strikes by the second echelon forces from the line of Birstein - Gedern in the direction of Grekenhain, Lauerbach, Bad Hersfeld, and from the line of Neustadt - Homberg in the direction of Kirtarf, Alsfeld -Niederaula.

II. MISSION CONDUCTED BY FORCES AND MEANS OF THE FRONT AND ADJACENTS.

a. The following targets in the army's attack area are destroyed by the front's rocket troops and aviation forces during the initial nuclear strike:
----- enemy's nuclear weapons and nuclear depots in the area ___, ___, ____, and ___.
----- enemy's airfields in the areas ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___.
----- command posts of the Central Army Group in the area ___ and command posts of the 4th ATAF of the Central Army Group in the area ___.
----- enemy's reserves in area ___, ___, ___, and ___.
----- enemy's rear service installations in the area ___, ___, ___, and ___.

Twenty regimental sorties of the front's fighter- bomber aviation are allocated to the army to support the army's action during the offensive operation and five regimental sorties of the front's helicopter aviation and one transport aviation division from the main command of the air force are allocated to support the airborne assaults. These sorties will be covered by the front's fighter aviation during their flight.

b. Adjacents:

On the right flank of the army the First Guards Tank Army attacks in the direction of Bebra, Marburg, Herborn, Lindlar. Its immediate mission is to seize the line of Marsburg, Medebach, Ballenberg, and Marburg An Der Lahn; and its long range mission is to seize the line of Leverkusen, Bornheim, Rheinbach, and Hill 1251. The boundary with the right adjacent passes through Eilenburt, Eisenach, Hill 1427, Neuwied, and HIll 1610. All points are included in the Eighth Guards Army's area.

On the left flank of the army the Twenty-eighth Combined Arms Army attacks in the direction of Schweinfurt, Wurzburg, Mosbach, Wiesloca and west of Kreuznach. The immediate mission of the Twenty-eighth CAA is to seize the line of Gelnhausen, Ashaffenburg, Michelstadt, and Mosbach and its long range mission is to seize the line of Kira, Enkenbach, and Hill 456. The boundary line with the left adjacent passes through Mittwelda, Kahla, Hill 2435, Gersfeld, Bad Vilbel, Bingen and Trier. All points are included in the Twenty-eighth CAA area.

III. CONCEPT OF THE OPERATION

In the initial nuclear strike, by using ( ) nuclear rockets with a total yield of ( ) kilotons. The enemy's nuclear rocket and artillery troops in areas ___, his air force in areas ____, his main infantry and tank forces in areas ___, and the enemy's command posts at ___ are destroyed and decisive losses are inflicted on the enemy's air defense troops in areas ___, and on his rear service installations in areas ___.

Exploiting the results of the initial strategic nuclear strike and nuclear strikes of the front and army means the army attacks the enemy along the line of Bad Hersfeld, Schlitz, Fulda, and Gersfeld and develops its attack by its main forces; i.e. the 16th, 18th and 19th Motorized Rifle Divisions in the direction of Bad Hersfeld, Alsfeld, and Wetzlar; and during the operation by employing additional ( ) rockets with a total yield of ( ) kilotons destroys the main forces of the U. S. V Corps in the area; Bad Hersfeld, Alsfeld, Giessen, Echzell, Gedern, and Fulda and seizes on the third day the line of Wettenberg, Butzbach, Bad Nauheim, and Nidderau. Subsequently by committing the second echelon forces into the engagement the army develops the attack in the direction of Wetzlar, Limburg, Boppord, and Simmern and during the conduct of the operation, by using ( ) nuclear rockets with a total yield of ( ) kilotons destroys newly detected enemy nuclear weapons, destroys the enemy's approaching reserves from the line of march, conducts assault crossing over the Rhine River and with the cooperation of and by exploiting the success of the Twenty-eighth CAA encircles and destroys the main forces of the U. S. Vth and VIIth Corps and approaching strategic reserves, and on the 7th day of the operation seizes the line of Boos, Gillenbeuren, Bullay and Sohren.

The army's operational formation is established in two echelons:
----- in the first echelon: the 16th, 18th, 19th, and 21st Motorized Rifle Divisions;
----- in the second echelon: the 17th and 20th Tank Divisions;
----- the 31st Separate Tank Regiment is the army's reserve.

IV. I ORDER

a. The 16th Motorized Rifle Division with one brigade of artillery of the VGK reserve, one anti-tank battalion and one engineer battalion is to attack the enemy on the line: Ludwigsau - Eichhof, to develop the attack in the direction of Bad Hersfeld - Rockerod, to destroy the enemy in the area of Ludwigsau, Gittersed, Rockerod, and Eichhof and continue the attack in the direction of Go Bmanerode - Ottrau, destroy the enemy's division reserves in the area of Willingshain, Schorbach, Ottrau, and Kemmerod and seize the line of Schorbach, Ottrau and north of Lingellach by H + 10.

Then the division is to develop the attack in the direction of Ottrau, Alsfeld and Hill 384 and at the end of the day seize the line of west of Anlrifttal, Heimertshausen, and the stretch of route 49 to the south.

The future attack direction of the division for the next day is Heimertshausen and Hill 322. The division is to assign one reinforced BMP motorized rifle regiment as the forward detachment to destroy from the line of march the enemy's covering forces and border troops in the enemy's security zone and facilitate quick advance of the division's main forces to the forward defense line of the enemy.

For the conduct of the division's attack 15 nuclear, 5 chemical and 15 conventional rockets are allocated to the division. The use of nuclear and chemical weapons will be conducted only at signal and command of the front for the initial nuclear strike.

The division conducts the breakthrough of the enemy's main defensive line, at a 4 km front and during the artillery preparatory fire destroys and suppresses the enemy's strong points on the forward line and in depth, command posts, artillery and mortar batteries and enemy's immediate reserves.

On the left the 18th Motorized Rifle Division attacks. The boundary line with that division passes through Mohara, Hill 366, road junction southeast of Bad Hersfeld, Kleba, Lingellach, and Nieder.

During the penetration (breakthrough) of the enemy's defense, the destruction of the enemy's brigade reserve, development of the attack in depth and destruction of the enemy's division reserves are conducted in interaction with the 18th Motorized Rifle Division.

The division's command post during the penetration of the enemy's defense is to deploy 3 km west of Fredewald road junction, and the rear service control point during this phase is to deploy in ___.


b. The 18th Motorized Rifle Division with one artillery brigade of VGK artillery division, one anti-tank battalion and engineer battalion attacks the enemy at the line ___ (As for the 16th Div).

|
c. The 19th Motorized Rifle Division with two artillery battalions of the army's artillery brigade, two anti-tank batteries and two engineer companies attacks the enemy at the line ___ (as for the 16th Div).


d. The 21st Motorized Rifle Division with two artillery battalions from the army's artillery brigade, two anti-tank batteries and two engineer companies is to attack the enemy from the line ___ ( as for the 16th Div).


e. The 17th Tank Division is in the army's second echelon. The division is to deploy in departure (assembly) area in Vogelsberg, north of Weimar, Pfiffelbach, Niedar, Hardislehen. During the operation the division is to follow the 16th MRD by bounds at a distance of 40 - 60 km on at least 3 routes and be prepared to be committed into battle from the line No 1. (Bieber - Grund) with the mission to destroy the enemy's advancing reserves from the line of march and seize the line of Mengers, Ober and Seelbach. The direction of its future attack is Ober- Hadamar, Nassau.

The line NO. 2 of commitment is the line of ___ with the immediate mission line at ___ and the direction of future development of the attack at ___.

At the time of commitment, the division is reinforced by 3 artillery battalions, one anti-tank battalion and one engineer road construction battalion.

In case of the use of nuclear weapons, the division is allocated 15 nuclear, 5 chemical, and 15 conventional rockets.

The area of responsibility of the division to fight enemy's airborne assaults and his reconnaissance groups includes ___.

f. The 20th Tank Division is in the army's second echelon. It is to deploy ___ (As for the 17th TAnk Div).


g. Army's rocket brigade is to accomplish the following tasks:

-----1. destroy the following targets during the initial nuclear strike of the front:
----- enemy's nuclear rocket, target No. 302 in the area of ___ by a 20 kt warhead, air burst at H - 00.20 or at the front's signal.
----- enemy's nuclear rocket, target No. 203 in ___, by a 20 kt warhead, air burst at H - 00:20 or at front's signal.
----- enemy's V Corps command post, target No. 304 in ___ by a 100 kt warhead, ground burst at H - 00:2- or at the front's signal.
----- enemy's rear command post, target NO. 305, in ___ by a 100 kt warhead, ground burst at H - 00:20 or at the front's signal.
----- airfield, target NO. 306, in ___ by a 40 kt warhead, air burst, at H - 00:20 or at the front's signal.
----- airfield, target No 307, in ___ by 40 kt warhead, air burst, at H - 00:20 or at the front's signal.
----- enemy's second echelon division in the area ___, ___, ___, and ___; including the following targets:
----- targets NO. 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, and 313 - each by a 20 kt warhead, air burst, at H - 00:20 or at the front's signal.

(Note: Targets for divisional rocket strikes are also designated in the same way)


-----2. Time of delivery of nuclear and chemical rockets to the troops is P - 6 hrs. Time of delivery of conventional rockets to the troops is D - 3 days.


-----3. The status and situation of planned targets for nuclear strike are to be continuously followed and necessary adjustment in the plan of the nuclear strikes is to be made according to the actual situation.


-----4. Preparation of rocket troops for launch is to be kept at the highest state and technical rocket support of the rocket troops is to be organized in detail.


-----5. Position areas of rockets are to be well prepared in terms of engineer work and well camouflaged. Alternate positions for rockets are to be established and their protection against mass destruction weapons as well as the security and defense of rocket positions and mobile rocket bases must be organized and established.


-----6. To maximize the range of fire and to launch timely strikes on designated targets, timely relocation of positions and movement of rocket troops during the conduct of the operation, are to be planned and executed.

h. Artillery

-----1. The following artillery groups are to be established in army's large units and units:
---------- army artillery group (AAG): 10 artillery battalions;
---------- army reactive artillery group (AGRA): 4 BM-22 Bns. in the 16th and 18th Motorized Rifle Divisions:
---------- divisional artillery groups (DAG) of 6 artillery battalions each
---------- regimental artillery groups (RAG) on the main direction of 3 artillery battalions each; in the 19th and 21st Motorized Rifle Divisions:
--------- DAG of up to 4 artillery battalions each
--------- RAG on the main direction of 3 artillery battalions each

-----2. Artillery missions:

During the preparation, initiation and conduct of the offensive operation, the artillery is to accomplish the following tasks:
-- --- destruction and suppression of the enemy's nuclear weapons;
----- inflicting losses on the enemy during his aggression in the army's area. At this phase in addition to the security zone's regimental artillery, part of the divisional artillery is also assigned;
----- inflicting losses on the enemy during crossing the international border and during the battle in the enemy's security zone by artillery units of forward detachments of the first echelon divisions, and part of the artillery of the first echelon divisions:
----- inflicting losses on the enemy during breakthrough of the enemy's prepared defense and particularly destruction of strong points, destruction of artillery and mortar batteries, and command posts, and suppression of the enemy's immediate reserves;
----- destruction and suppression of the enemy and providing support for own troops during the assault support fire during the combat in the forward defense area of the first echelon brigades;
----- providing fire support for attacking troops during the combat action in the depth of the enemy in the form of accompanying fire;
----- inflicting losses on the enemy during his counter-attacks and counter- strikes;
----- support of the army troops during assault river crossing;
----- support and covering of open flanks and gaps between combat formations;
----- struggle against enemy's artillery and mortars during the conduct of the offensive operation in the depth of the enemy's defense;
----- support of the commitment of the second echelon troops and combined arms reserves into combat.

-----3. The density of the artillery for the breakthrough of the enemy's prepared defense during the preparatory fire is 100 - 120 guns and mortars per kilometer of front, duration of the preparatory fire is 30 - 40 minutes and the ammunition expenditure is 0.8 - 1.0 units of fire. the density of artillery during the commitment of the second echelon forces into combat is to be 40 - 60 guns and mortars per kilometer of front and the duration of artillery preparatory fire is 15 - 20 minutes with an expenditure of 0.6 - 0.8 units of fire.

-----4. The assault support fire is to be conducted in the form of successive concentration of fire on one or two lines, single or double attack moving barrage to the depth of the first echelon brigades i.e. 8 - 10 kms.

-----5. The accompanying fire is conducted by the method of concentration of fire, massive fire, and fire on individual targets.

I. Organic and attached aviation troops are to conduct the following missions during the preparation and conduct of the operation.

participation in the preparatory fire and assault support and accompanying fire during the conduct of the operation to destroy nuclear weapons and nuclear depots, command posts, to destroy and suppress enemy's deep reserves, air defense and radar positions, rear service installations, signal centers, aircraft guidance points, as well as the command posts and positions of radio electronic warfare systems during the attack.

conduct of air reconnaissance and air photography in support of the army's operation and reconnaissance for damage assessment of targets hit by friendly nuclear strikes. Up to the initiation of the attack, the reconnaissances to be conducted only by observation and aerial photography using fixed wing aircraft and helicopters along the state borders without crossing the border.

support and covering of the troops and army's targets against enemy's air strikes during the preparation and conduct of the operation;

the flight (sortie) resources are to be distributed as follows:
----- a. to the 16th and 18th MRD's 3 fighter - bomber aviation squadron sorties each per day;
----- b. to the 19th and 21st MRD's 2 fighter- bomber aviation squadron sorties each per day

conduct struggle against the enemy tanks by combat helicopters;

insert airborne assault troops (desants) by transport helicopters in the rear of the enemy in accordance with separate plans;

J. to Air defense troops;

The air defense troops are to conduct the following missions during the preparation and conduct of the operation:
----- covering of the main combined arms and tank troops in the FUP areas, during the breakthrough of the enemy's prepared defense and in the depth of the enemy area;
----- covering of rocket and artillery troops in the departure (FUP) area, during their firing and during the conduct of the operation;
----- covering of command posts in the departure area and during the conduct of the operation;
----- covering of rear service installations in the departure area and during the operation;
----- covering of reserves and second echelon troops in the departure area, during their movement and their commitment into combat;
----- covering of desants in their departure areas, during their flight, in their landing areas in the depth of the enemy's area, and during their combat actions;
----- covering of the troops during the assault river crossing;
----- covering the troops during the repulse of the enemy's counter strikes.

2. The fire, reconnaissance, and warning systems of the army's air defense troops are to be coordinated with the fire and reconnaissance systems of the front and divisions' air defense troops and fighter aviation of the front air army and national air defense forces as part of an integrated unified plan so that massive strikes of the enemy's air force can be effectively repelled.

3. During the preparation and conduct of the operation, all air defense troops of the army and lower echelons (troops) are to be brought to the state of full combat readiness so that they will be ready to repel the enemy's air strikes. In any situation one third of the air defense troops must be kept at combat duty status.

4. Appropriate positions for the air defense troops are to be prepared in terms of engineer work. In addition to the main positions, alternate positions are to be established as well.

5. The movement of the air defense troops during the preparation and conduct of the attack is conducted in a way so that at critical phases of the operation all or the bulk of the air defense troops of the army and the troops have occupied positions to repel the enemy's air strikes and they are ready for the execution of their mission.

k. Airborne Assault troops (Desant)

During the operation two airborne assaults are conducted:

1. A tactical airborne assault by a reinforced motorized rifle battalion from the 20th Tank Division with a mortar battery.
The departure area for the desant is ___ and it should be occupied at 0600 on the first day of the operation for a 24 hrs period of preparation for the desant force.
The desant is airlifted by the front's transport helicopter regiment and it is supported by two fighter aviation squadrons.
The desant is landed in the enemy's rear in the area ___ at 0600 on the second day of the operation.
The mission of the desant is to destroy the enemy's nuclear depot and to seize and destroy the enemy's command post in ___.
Prior to the landing, the enemy's reserves and other targets in the landing area are initially hit by front's fighter-bomber aviation and then by rocket troops using conventional warheads. Positions of the enemy's air defense means and airfields in the flight corridor of the helicopters are suppressed and destroyed by the air force.
Planning of the airborne assault for movement and landing is to be worked out by the helicopter regiment commander in cooperation with the army's operations directorate and the commander of the airborne assault force.
The troop control during the preparation for desant is conducted from the command post of the helicopter regiment in the departure area for the desant, and then during the operation it is conducted from the army's command post and the desant battalion's command/observation post.

2. Operational airborne assault (desant) by an airborne assault regiment reinforced by one towed artillery battalion.
The departure area for this desant is ___ and it is to be occupied at 0800 on the fourth day of the operation for the preparation of the desant.
The desant is air-lifted by an aviation transport division from the air force main command and one transport helicopter regiment and it is covered during the flight and landing by two fighter aviation regiments.
The landing is in the rear of the enemy in area ___ at 0600 on the fifth day of the operation.
The mission of the desant is to seize a bridgehead on the Rhine River, destroy enemy logistic depots and to assist the army troops during the assault river crossing at the Rhine.
Prior to the landing, the enemy's targets in the landing area and his close-by airfields are initially hit by fighter-bomber and bomber aviation and then by rocket troops using conventional warheads. Enemy's air defense means and radars located in the flight corridor of the desant are destroyed by the air force, rocket troops and artillery.
Planning of the desant for movement and landing is to be worked out by the commander of the aviation transport division in cooperation with the army staff and airborne assault regiment.
Troop control during the preparation for the desant is conducted from the command post of the aviation transport division and command post of the airborne assault regiment, while during the combat action it is conducted from the army's command post and the command post of the airborne assault regiment in the combat action area.

L. Combined Arms Reserve

The 91st Separate Tank Regiment is the combined arms reserve of the army and it is to deploy in area ___ and follow the 18th Motorized Rifle Division by bounds at a 30 - 40 km distance and be prepared for unexpected missions during the conduct of the operation.

M. Army's Anti-tank Reserve:

1. The army's artillery anti-tank reserve is the 51st Anti-tank Regiment from the VGK artillery division. It is to deploy in area ___ and conduct struggle against tanks on the army's main attack direction. The likely fire lines of the anti-tank reserve to repel the enemy's tank counter-attack during the operation are as follows:
----- Line NO 1: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
----- Line NO 2: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
----- Line NO 3: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
----- Line NO 4: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.

The army's anti-tank reserve moves during the operation on the direction of the army's main attack following the 16th MRD.

2. The combat helicopter regiment, in addition to support of the army troops during the operation, is to conduct struggle against enemy tanks. It is to deploy in the area ___ and be prepared to fight the enemy tanks on the following lines:
----- Line NO 1: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
----- Line NO 2: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
----- Line NO 3: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
----- Line NO 4: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.

N. Mobile Obstacle Detachment (POZ) is the first and second companies of the army's obstacle battalion. It is to deploy in area ___ and move and operate with the anti-tank reserve to repel enemy tanks.

O. Engineer Reserve is the 1st Battalion of the Combat Engineer Regiment, the 1st Road and Bridge Battalion and the 1st Battalion of the Pontoon Bridge Regiment. After accomplishment of assigned misions during the preparation of the army's operation, the engineer reserve is to deploy in area ___ and be prepared to conduct unexpected missions during the operation. In the course of the conduct of the operation it is to follow the 18th Motorized Rifle Division.

P. Chemical Reserve:

The chemical reserve is composed of the army's separate chemical protection battalion. It is to be prepared to conduct unexpected missions in the course of the operation. The chemical reserve is to deploy in area ___ and move during the operation in the direction ___.

Q. Time of readiness of the troops for the operation is at 2400 hrs on ___.

The norms of mobile reserves of material means during the operation are to be kept as follows:
----- 1. Infantry weapons - 1.15 units of fire
----- 2. Arty and mortars - 1.3 units of fire
----- 3. Reactive arty - 1.3 units of fire
----- 4. Tank ammunition - 2.6 units of fire
----- 5. Air defense ammo - 2.5 units of fire
----- 6. Auto gasoline - 2.6 refills
----- 7. Diesel fuel - 3.1 refills
----- 8. Foodstuffs - 15 daily rations

V. CONTROL OF ARMY TROOPS

The army CP is in Wickerstedt.

The army's rear control point is at Tumpling.

The army's FCP is at Walresleben.

The direction of relocation of the FCP, CP, and Rear CP during the operation, is the direction of Waldfisch, Schenklengsfeld, Grunberg, Weilmunster, Ober Dammerschausen.

The signal communication from army's CP to the front's commander and staff and with the subordinate, adjacent, and interacting troops will be established by radio, radio-relay, telephone, and mobile communications means with strict observation of the rules of secrfecy of the troop control.

My deputies are:
The chief of staff, first deputy army commander, chief of political affairs, and commander of the 16th MRD.

Chief of Operations Directorate:
(Signature)

Chief of Staff of the army
(Signature

)

I Approve --/--/89
Commander _____________ Army Serial Number:
Major General ____ SECRET
Sig Copy Number:

The commander of the _____________ Army for offensive operations.

Command Post at ___________,___________, (time) _______________
(date), Map 1:250,000 August 1983 ed.

I. ENEMY SITUATION:

As a result of the development of acute international tension NATO is secretly engaged in bringing its armed forces to the state of full combat readiness and intends to launch a surprise attack on the territories of Warsaw Pact countries.

Elements of the ___________ are deployed directly against the forces of the _____________ Army. The first echelon of the _____ is composed of the ___________ Division and _______________________ Division with a total of ___ nuclear missile systems, ___ nuclear artillery pieces, ___tanks, ___ artillery pieces and mortars, ___SAM systems, ___helicopters, and ___ fixed wing aircraft.

In the second echelon of the__ Corps is the ____________ Division and probably elements of ________________ forces will operate in the area, composed of ___ nuclear missile systems, ___ nuclear artillery pieces, ___ artillery pieces and mortars, ___ tanks, ___ SAM systems, and ___ combat helicopters.

The _____________________________ and border troops are deployed in front of the forward defense area in the security zone. During the operation the combat action of the enemy forces will be supported by ___ combat aircraft with nuclear capability from the U.S. and West German national air forces and the ________ of Central Army Group.

In general the enemy can launch ___ nuclear rocket strikes and aerial bombs in the area of operation of the _____________ Army and against rear services installations of the army and the front during the conduct of his operation.

The _____________________ in the north and _________ Corps in the south are deployed on the flanks of the _______ Corps. Their operations can affect the forces of the _____________ Army. Movement and arrival of strategic reserves composed of _____ and ______ armed forces and mobilization reserves of ____________ are likely during the operation in the area of the _____________ Army.

The enemy tries to inflict losses on and destroy the Warsaw Pact forces and seize vital territories by a surprise and decisive offensive operation. If the Warsaw Pact forces overtake the enemy in initiation of offensive operations, the forces of the _______ Corps are likely to hold a pre-prepared defensive line along the ____________, ___________, _______, _______ and ___ ________ line, to inflict maximum losses on the _____________ Army by defensive action, and then launch counter strikes by the second echelon forces from the line of ________ - ______ in the direction of __________, _________, ____________, and from the line of ________ - _______ in the direction of _______, _______, __________.



II. MISSION CONDUCTED BY FORCES AND MEANS OF THE FRONT AND ADJACENTS.

a. The following targets in the army's attack area are destroyed by the front's rocket troops and aviation forces during the initial nuclear strike:
----- enemy's nuclear weapons and nuclear depots in the area ___, ___, ____, and ___.
----- enemy's airfields in the areas ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___.
----- command posts of the _______ ___ ____ in the area ___ and command posts of the ____ of the ____________ Group in the area ___.
----- enemy's reserves in area ___, ___, ___, and ___.
----- enemy's rear service installations in the area ___, ___, ___, and ___.

T_____ regimental sorties of the front's fighter- bomber aviation are allocated to the army to support the army's action during the offensive operation and _____ regimental sorties of the front's helicopter aviation and one transport aviation division from the main command of the air force are allocated to support the airborne assaults. These sorties will be covered by the front's fighter aviation during their flight.

b. Adjacents:

On the right flank of the army the _____ ______ ____ Army attacks in the direction of _____, _______, _______, _______. Its immediate mission is to seize the line of ________, ________, __________, and _____________; and its long range mission is to seize the line of __________, ________, _________, and _________. The boundary with the right adjacent passes through _________, ________,________, and _________. All points are included in the ______ ______ Army's area.

On the left flank of the army the _____________ ___________ Army attacks in the direction of _______, ________, _______ and west of _________. The immediate mission of the ___________ is to seize the line of __________, _________, and _______ and its long range mission is to seize the line of ____, _________, and ______. The boundary line with the left adjacent passes through _________, _________, __________, and _____. All points are included in the _____________ area.



III. CONCEPT OF THE OPERATION

In the initial nuclear strike, by using ( ) nuclear rockets with a total yield of ( ) kilotons. The enemy's nuclear rocket and artillery troops in areas ___, his air force in areas ____, his main infantry and tank forces in areas ___, and the enemy's command posts at ___ are destroyed and decisive losses are inflicted on the enemy's air defense troops in areas ___, and on his rear service installations in areas ___.

Exploiting the results of the initial strategic nuclear strike and nuclear strikes of the front and army means the army attacks the enemy along the line of ____________, _____, and ________ and develops its attack by its main forces; i.e. the ____, ____ and ____ Motorized Rifle Divisions in the direction of _________,________, and _______; and during the operation by employing additional ( ) rockets with a total yield of ( ) kilotons destroys the main forces of the _______ Corps in the area; ________,________, _______, _______, and _____ and seizes on the third day the line of _________, ________, _________, and ________. Subsequently by committing the second echelon forces into the engagement the army develops the attack in the direction of _______, _______, and _______ and during the conduct of the operation, by using ( ) nuclear rockets with a total yield of ( ) kilotons destroys newly detected enemy nuclear weapons, destroys the enemy's approaching reserves from the line of march, conducts assault crossing over the _____ River and with the cooperation of and by exploiting the success of the _____________ CAA encircles and destroys the main forces of the _________ and _____ Corps and approaching strategic reserves, and on the _th day of the operation seizes the line of ____, _______, ______ and ______.

The army's operational formation is established in two echelons:
----- in the first echelon: the __th, __th,___th, and __st Motorized Rifle Divisions;
----- in the second echelon: the __th and __th Tank Divisions;
----- the __st Separate Tank Regiment is the army's reserve.



IV. I ORDER

a. The __th Motorized Rifle Division with one brigade of artillery of the VGK reserve, one anti-tank battalion and one engineer battalion is to attack the enemy on the line: _________ - _______, to develop the attack in the direction of __________ - ________, to destroy the enemy in the area of _______, ________, ________, and to continue the attack in the direction of _______ - ______, destroy the enemy's division reserves in the area of __________, ________,_______, and ______ and seize the line of the immediate mission at _________, ______ and _____________ H + 10.

Then the division is to develop the attack in the direction of ______, _______ and _______ and at the end of the day seize the line of west of _________, ______, and _________________.

The future attack direction of the division for the next day is ________ and ________. The division is to assign one reinforced BMP motorized rifle regiment as the forward detachment to destroy from the line of march the enemy's covering forces and border troops in the enemy's security zone and facilitate quick advance of the division's main forces to the forward defense line of the enemy.

For the conduct of the division's attack ___nuclear, _ chemical and __ conventional rockets are allocated to the division. The use of nuclear and chemical weapons will be conducted only at signal and command of the front for the initial nuclear strike.

The division conducts the breakthrough of the enemy's main defensive line, at a 4 km front and during the artillery preparatory fire destroys and suppresses the enemy's strong points on the forward line and in depth, command posts, artillery and mortar batteries and enemy's immediate reserves.

On the left the ____ Motorized Rifle Division attacks. The boundary line with that division passes through ______, ________, _________, ________,___________, and ______.

During the penetration (breakthrough) of the enemy's defense, the destruction of the enemy's brigade reserve, development of the attack in depth and destruction of the enemy's division reserves are conducted in interaction with the ____ Motorized Rifle Division.

The division's command post during the penetration of the enemy's defense is to deploy _ km west of ________, and the rear service control point during this phase is to deploy in ___.


b. The ____ Motorized Rifle Division with one artillery brigade of VGK artillery division, one anti-tank battalion and engineer battalion attacks the enemy at the line ___ (As for the ____ Div).


c. The ____ Motorized Rifle Division with two artillery battalions of the army's artillery brigade, two anti-tank batteries and two engineer companies attacks the enemy at the line ___ (as for the ____ Div).


d. The ____ Motorized Rifle Division with two artillery battalions from the army's artillery brigade, two anti-tank batteries and two engineer companies is to attack the enemy from the line ___ ( as for the ____ Div).


e. The ____ Tank Division is in the army's second echelon. The division is to deploy in departure (assembly) area in __________, __________, ___________, ___________. During the operation the division is to follow the ____ MRD by bounds at a distance of 40 - 60 km on at least 3 routes and be prepared to be committed into battle from the line No 1. (______________) with the mission to destroy the enemy's advancing reserves from the line of march and seize the line of _______, ____, and ________. The direction of its future attack is _______, ______.
The line No. 2 of commitment is the line of ___ with the immediate mission line at ___ and the direction of future development of the attack at ___.

At the time of commitment, the division is reinforced by 3 artillery battalions, one anti-tank battalion and one engineer road construction battalion.

In case of the use of nuclear weapons, the division is allocated __ nuclear, _ chemical, and __ conventional rockets.

The area of responsibility of the division to fight enemy's airborne assaults and his reconnaissance groups includes ___.


f. The __th Tank Division is in the army's second echelon. It is to deploy ___ (As for the ____ Tank Div).


g. Army's rocket brigade is to accomplish the following tasks:


1. destroy the following targets during the initial nuclear strike of the front:
----- enemy's nuclear rocket, target No. 302 in the area of ___ by a 20 kt warhead, air burst at H - 00.20 or at the front's signal.
----- enemy's nuclear rocket, target No. 203 in ___, by a 20 kt warhead, air burst at H - 00:20 or at front's signal.
----- enemy's ___ Corps command post, target No. 304 in ___ by a 100 kt warhead, ground burst at H - 00:2- or at the front's signal. |
----- enemy's rear command post, target No. 305, in ___ by a 100 kt warhead, ground burst at H - 00:20 or at the front's signal.
----- airfield, target No. 306, in ___ by a 40 kt warhead, air burst, at H - 00:20 or at the front's signal.
----- airfield, target No 307, in ___ by 40 kt warhead, air burst, at H - 00:20 or at the front's signal.
----- enemy's second echelon division in the area ___, ___, ___, and ___; including the following targets:
----- targets No. 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, and 313 - each by a 20 kt warhead, air burst, at H - 00:20 or at the front's signal.

(Note: Targets for divisional rocket strikes are also designated in the same way)


2. Time of delivery of nuclear and chemical rockets to the troops is P - 6 hrs. Time of delivery of conventional rockets to the troops is D - 3 days.


3. The status and situation of planned targets for nuclear strike are to be continuously followed and necessary adjustment in the plan of the nuclear strikes is to be made according to the actual situation.


4. Preparation of rocket troops for launch is to be kept at the highest state and technical rocket support of the rocket troops is to be organized in detail.


5. Position areas of rockets are to be well prepared in terms of engineer work and well camouflaged. Alternate positions for rockets are to be established and their protection against mass destruction weapons as well as the security and defense of rocket positions and mobile rocket bases must be organized and established.


6. To maximize the range of fire and to launch timely strikes on designated targets, timely relocation of positions and movement of rocket troops during the conduct of the operation, are to be planned and executed.


h. Artillery

-----1. The following artillery groups are to be established in army's large units and units:
----- army artillery group (AAG): 10 artillery battalions;
----- army reactive artillery group (AGRA): 4 BM-22 Bns.
----- in the ____ and ____ Motorized Rifle Divisions:
----- divisional artillery groups (DAG) of 6 artillery battalions each
----- regimental artillery groups (RAG) on the main direction of 3 artillery battalions each;
----- in the ____ and ____ Motorized Rifle Divisions:
----- DAG of up to 4 artillery battalions each
----- RAG on the main direction of 3 artillery battalions each


2. Artillery missions:

During the preparation, initiation and conduct of the offensive operation, the artillery is to accomplish the following tasks:
----- destruction and suppression of the enemy's nuclear weapons;
----- inflicting losses on the enemy during his aggression in the army's area. At this phase in addition to the security zone's regimental artillery, part of the divisional artillery is also assigned;
----- inflicting losses on the enemy during crossing the international border and during the battle in the enemy's security zone by artillery units of forward detachments of the first echelon divisions, and part of the artillery of the first echelon divisions:
----- inflicting losses on the enemy during breakthrough of the enemy's prepared defense and particularly destruction of strong points, destruction of artillery and mortar batteries, and command posts, and suppression of the enemy's immediate reserves;
----- destruction and suppression of the enemy and providing support for own troops during the assault support fire during the combat in the forward defense area of the first echelon brigades;
----- providing fire support for attacking troops during the combat action in the depth of the enemy in the form of accompanying fire;
----- inflicting losses on the enemy during his counter-attacks and counter- strikes;
----- support of the army troops during assault river crossing;
----- support and covering of open flanks and gaps between combat formations;
----- struggle against enemy's artillery and mortars during the conduct of the offensive operation in the depth of the enemy's defense;
----- support of the commitment of the second echelon troops and combined arms reserves into combat.


3. The density of the artillery for the breakthrough of the enemy's prepared defense during the preparatory fire is ___ - ___ guns and mortars per kilometer of front, duration of the preparatory fire is __ - __ minutes and the ammunition expenditure is ___ - ___ units of fire. the density of artillery during the commitment of the second echelon forces into combat is to be __ - __ guns and mortars per kilometer of front and the duration of artillery preparatory fire is __ - __ minutes with an expenditure of ___ - ___ units of fire.


4. The assault support fire is to be conducted in the form of successive concentration of fire on one or two lines, single or double attack moving barrage to the depth of the first echelon battalions i.e. _ - _ kms.


5. The accompanying fire is conducted by the method of concentration of fire and massive fire on individual targets.

I. Organic and attached aviation troops are to conduct the following missions during the preparation and conduct of the operation.

---- - participation in the preparatory fire and assault support and accompanying fire during the conduct of the operation to destroy nuclear weapons and nuclear depots, command posts, to destroy and suppress enemy's deep reserves, air defense and radar positions, rear service installations, signal centers, aircraft guidance points, as well as the command posts and positions of radio electronic warfare systems during the attack.

----- conduct of air reconnaissance and air photography in support of the army's operation and reconnaissance for damage assessment of targets hit by friendly nuclear strikes. Up to the initiation of the attack, the reconnaissances to be conducted only by observation and aerial photography using fixed wing aircraft and helicopters along the state borders without crossing the border.

----- support and covering of the troops and army's targets against enemy's air strikes during the preparation and conduct of the operation;

----- the flight (sortie) resources are to be distributed as follows:
-------- a. to the ____ and ____ MRD's 3 fighter - bomber aviation squadron sorties each per day;
-------- b. to the ____ and ____ MRD's 2 fighter- bomber aviation squadron sorties each per day
conduct struggle against the enemy tanks by combat helicopters;
insert airborne assault troops (desants) by transport helicopters in the rear of the enemy in accordance with separate plans;

J. to Air defense troops;

The air defense troops are to conduct the following missions during the preparation and conduct of the operation:

covering of the main combined arms and tank troops in the FUP areas, during the breakthrough of the enemy's prepared defense and in the depth of the enemy area;

covering of rocket and artillery troops in the departure (FUP) area, during their firing and during the conduct of the operation;

covering of command posts in the departure area and during the conduct of the operation;

covering of rear service installations in the departure area and during the operation;

covering of reserves and second echelon troops in the departure area, during their movement and their commitment into combat;

covering of desants in their departure areas, during their flight, in their landing areas in the depth of the enemy's area, and during their combat actions;

covering of the troops during the assault river crossing;

covering the troops during the repulsion of the enemy's counter strikes.


2. The fire, reconnaissance, and warning systems of the army's air defense troops are to be coordinated with the fire and reconnaissance systems of the front and divisions' air defense troops and fighter aviation of the front air army and national air defense forces as part of an integrated unified plan so that massive strikes of the enemy's air force can be effectively repelled.


3. During the preparation and conduct of the operation, all air defense troops of the army and lower echelons (troops) are to be brought to the state of full combat readiness so that they will be ready to repel the enemy's air strikes. In any situation one third of the air defense troops must be kept at combat duty status.


4. Appropriate positions for the air defense troops are to be prepared in terms of engineer work. In addition to the main positions, alternate positions are to be established as well.


5. The movement of the air defense troops during the preparation and conduct of the attack is conducted in a way so that at critical phases of the operation all or the bulk of the air defense troops of the army and the troops have occupied positions to repel the enemy's air strikes and they are ready for the execution of their mission.

k. Airborne Assault troops (Desant)

During the operation two airborne assaults are conducted:

1. A tactical airborne assault by a reinforced motorized rifle battalion from the ____ Division with a mortar battery.
The departure area for the desant is ___ and it should be occupied at 0600 on the first day of the operation for a 24 hrs period of preparation for the desant force.
The desant is airlifted by the front's transport helicopter regiment and it is supported by two fighter aviation squadrons.
The desant is landed in the enemy's rear in the area ___ at 0600 on the second day of the operation.
The mission of the desant is to destroy the enemy's nuclear depot and to seize and destroy the ________ in ___.
Prior to the landing, the enemy's reserves and other targets in the landing area are initially hit by front's fighter-bomber aviation and then by rocket troops using conventional warheads. Positions of the enemy's air defense means and airfields in the flight corridor of the helicopters are suppressed and destroyed by the air force.
Planning of the airborne assault for movement and landing isto be worked out by the helicopter regiment commander in cooperation with the army's operations directorate and the commander of the airborne assault force.
The troop control during the preparation for desant is conducted from the command post of the helicopter regiment in the departure area for the desant, and then during the operation it is conducted from the army's command post and the desant battalion's command/observation post.

2. Operational airborne assault (desant) by an airborne assault regiment reinforced by one towed artillery battalion.
The departure area for this desant is ___ and it is to be occupied at ____ on the ______ day of the operation for the preparation of the desant.
The desant is air-lifted by an aviation transport division from the air force main command and one transport helicopter regiment and it is covered during the flight and landing by two fighter aviation regiments.
The landing is in the rear of the enemy in area ___ at ____ on the _____ day of the operation.
The mission of the desant is to seize a bridgehead on the _____ River, destroy enemy logistic depots and to assist the army troops during the assault river crossing at the _____.
Prior to the landing, the enemy's targets in the landing area and his close-by airfields are initially hit by fighter-bomber and bomber aviation and then by rocket troops using conventional warheads. Enemy's air defense means and radars located in the flight corridor of the desant are destroyed by the air force, rocket troops and artillery.
Planning of the desant for movement and landing is to be worked out by the commander of the aviation transport division in cooperation with the army staff and airborne assault regiment.
The troop control during the preparation for the desant is conducted from the command post of the aviation transport division and command post of the airborne assault regiment, while during the combat action it is conducted from the army's command post and the command post of the airborne assault regiment in the combat action area.

L. Combined Arms Reserve

The ____ ______ Regiment is the combined arms reserve of the army and it is to deploy in area ___ and follow the ____ Motorized Rifle Division by bounds at a 30 - 40 km distance and be prepared for unexpected missions during the conduct of the operation.

M. Army's Anti-tank Reserve:

1. The army's artillery anti-tank reserve is the ____ Anti-tank Regiment from the VGK artillery division. It is to deploy in area ___ and conduct struggle against tanks on the army's main attack direction. The likely fire lines of the anti-tank reserve to repel the enemy's tank counter-attack during the operation are as follows:
----- Line NO 1: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
----- Line NO 2: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
----- Line NO 3: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
----- Line NO 4: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.

The army's anti-tank reserve moves during the operation on the direction of the army's main attack following the ____ MRD.

2. The combat helicopter regiment, in addition to support of the army troops during the operation, is to conduct struggle against enemy tanks. It is to deploy in the area ___ and be prepared to fight the enemy tanks on the following lines:
----- Line NO 1: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
----- Line NO 2: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
----- Line NO 3: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
----- Line NO 4: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.

N. Mobile Obstacle Detachment (POZ) is the first and second companies of the army's obstacle battalion. |It is to deploy in area ___ and move and operate with the anti-tank reserve to repel enemy tanks.

O. Engineer Reserve is the 1st Battalion of the Combat Engineer Regiment, the 1st Road and Bridge Battalion and the 1st Battalion of the Pontoon Bridge Regiment. After accomplishment of assigned misions during the preparation of the army's operation, the engineer reserve is to deploy in area ___ and be prepared to conduct unexpected missions during the operation. In the course of the conduct of the operation it is to follow the ____ Motorized Rifle Division.

P. Chemical Reserve:
The chemical reserve is composed of the army's separate chemical protection battalion. It is to be prepared to conduct unexpected missions in the course of the operation. The chemical reserve is to deploy in area ___ and move during the operation in the direction ___.

Q. Time of readiness of the troops for the operation is at 2400 hrs on ___.
The norms of mobile reserves of material means during the operation are to be kept as follows:
----- 1. Infantry weapons - ____ units of fire
----- 2. Arty and mortars - ____ units of fire
----- 3. Reactive arty - ____ units of fire
----- 4. Tank ammunition - ____ units of fire
----- 5. Air defense ammo - ____ units of fire
----- 6. Auto gasoline - ____ refills
----- 7. Diesel fuel - ____ refills
----- 8. Foodstuffs - __ daily rations

V. CONTROL OF ARMY TROOPS

The army CP is in ___________.
The army's rear control point is at _______.
The army's FCP is at _________.

The direction of relocation of the FCP, CP, and Rear CP during the operation, is the direction of _________, __________, _______, __________, _____________.

The signal communication from army's CP to the front's commander and staff and with the subordinate, adjacent, and interacting troops will be established by radio, radio-relay, telephone, and mobile communications means with strict observation of the rules of secrecy of the troop control.

My deputies are:
The chief of staff, first deputy army commander, chief of political affairs, and commander of the ____ MRD.

Chief of Operations Directorate:
(Signature)

Chief of Staff of the army \
(Signature)

Combat Instructions from Army to Division

Once the army commander has made his decision and the army operations plan and operations directive have been written, the army will issue extracts of the operations directive to each division in the form of "Combat Instructions." The format of the instructions contains the following sections.

I. Enemy: This is based on the statement of the enemy found in the army operational directive.

II. Specific missions to the division: The part of the "I order" section of the operational directive directed to the individual division.

III. Army means and missions of adjacents: The actions of the army forces in the division's area in support of its actions and a summary of the actions of adjacents relevant to the division.

IV. Troop control measures: A restatement from the army operational order of the location and movement of command post, signal communications measures, and the designation of army succession in command.
A sample of the combat instructions follows.

I approve ___/___/Guards Army Serial No:
Major General -- SECRET
Copy No:

Command post Wickerstedt, at ____, on ____ Map 1:250,000 Aug 1983 ed:

I. Enemy

As a result of the deterioration of the international situation the NATO has secretly brought its armed forces to the state of full combat readiness and wants to launch a surprise attack on the territories of the Warsaw Pact.

Confronting the troops of the Eighth Guards Army, t he forces of the U. S. V Corps are deployed with the Third Armored Division and the Eighth Mechanized Division in the first echelon composed of a total of up to ____ nuclear missile systems, ____ nuclear artillery pieces, ____ tanks,____ guns and mortars, ____ SAM systems, and ____ fixed wing aircraft and helicopters.

In the second echelon of the V Corps, the ___ division and most likely tank troops of the FRG will operate with a total of ____ nuclear missile systems, ____ nuclear artillery piece tan guns and mortars, ____ SAM systems, ____ fixed wing aircraft and helicopters.

In front of the forward defense belt, the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment and the enemy's border troops are deployed in the security zone.

The combat action of the enemy during the operation will be supported by ____ combat aircraft from the U.S. and FRG national air forces and aviation troops of the 4th ATAF, organic to the Central Army Group, which has nuclear capability. During the conduct of the operation the enemy can launch a total of ( ) strikes of nuclear rockets, rounds, and bombs in the area of the Eighth Guards Army.

On the flanks of the Vth Corps, the III German Corps in the north and the VII U. S. Corps in the south will operate. Their actions can affect the Eighth Guards Army actions during the conduct of the operation.

During the operation, movement of the U. S. and French strategic reserves and newly mobilized German reserves to the area of the Eighth Guards Army is likely. The enemy tries to inflict maximum losses on the Warsaw Pact countries by launching a surprise decisive offensive operation and seize vital territories. If the Warsaw Pact countries overtake the NATO in offensive operations, it is likely that the troops of the Vth U. S. Corps will hold pre-prepared defensive lines at the line of Bad Hersfeld, Niederaule, Schlitz, Fulda, Gersfeld, Bad Neustadt, to inflict heavy losses on the army by defensive actions.

In this case the enemy's counter strikes by his second echelon troops are likely to be launched from the line: Birstein - Gedern in the direction of Grehenhain, Lauterbach, Bad Hersfeld, and from the line: Neustadt, Homberg in the direction of Kirtarf, Alsfeld, Niederaula.


II. The 16th MRD with ____ Arty Brigade of the VGK artillery div, -- Anti-tank Bn, ____Combat Engineer Bn, -- Assault Crossing Co, and ___ Bn of the Road and Bridge Regiment is to attack the enemy at the line of Ludwigsau, Eichhof and to develop the attack in the direction Bad Hersfeld, - Rockerod and destroy the enemy in the area Ludwigsau, Gittersed, Rockerod, Eichhof and to continue the attack in the direction of Go Bmanerode - Ottrau and destroy the enemy's division reserves in the area: Wigshain, Schorbach, Ottrau, and Kemmerod and at ____ hrs seize the line of its immediate mission at Schorbach, Ottrau, and north of Lingitbach.

Then the division is to continue the attack in the direction of Ottrau, Alsfeld, Hill 384, destroy the enemy forces in the area ____, ____, ____, ____ and at the end of the day seize the line of west of Anlrifttal, Heimertshausen and the stretch of route 49 to the south. The direction of attack of the division for the next day is Heimertshausen and Hill 322.

The division is to detach one reinforced BMP motorized rifle battalion as a forward detachment to destroy, from the line of march, the enemy's border and covering troops in the security zone and to facilitate quick advance of the division to the line of the enemy's forward defense area.

For the division's attack 15 nuclear rockets, 5 chemical rockets and 15 conventional rocket warheads are allocated. The chemical and nuclear weapons will be used in accordance with the order and instructions via signal for the initial nuclear strike by the front.

(In case of the conduct of the attack with the use of nuclear weapons the targets of divisional rocket troops are specified as shown below.) During the initial nuclear strike of the front the following targets are to be destroyed by the division's rocket battalion:
----- target No 314, enemy's first echelon bn, in area ____, --by a 3 kt warhead air burst at H- 00:20 or at the signal;
----- target No 315, enemy's first echelon bn, in area ____ , ____by a 3 kt warhead, air burst, at H - 00:20 or at the signal;
----- target No. 316, enemy artillery bn, in area ____, ____ by a 3 kt warhead, air burst, at H - 00:20 or at the signal;
----- target No. 317, enemy brigade second echelon bn, in the area ____, ____ by a 3 kt warhead, air burst, at H - 00:20 or at the signal;
----- target No. 318, enemy brigade second echelon tank bn, in the area ____, ____ by a 10 kt warhead, air burst, at H + 00:20 or at the signal:
----- target No. 319, enemy's division CP, in the area ____ by a 10 kt warhead, ground burst, at H + 00:20.
----- target No. 320 enemy's brigade CP in the area ____ by a 10 kt warhead, ground burst, at H + 00:20
----- target No. 321, enemy's rear service, in area ____ by a 10 kt warhead, air burst, at H + 00:20.

The division is to conduct breakthrough of the enemy forward defense area in the area ___ on a 4 km front and destroy or suppress during the preparatory fire the enemy's strong points on the forward line and in the depth, command posts, artillery and mortar batteries, and enemy's immediate reserves.

The division CP during the breakthrough of the enemy's defense is to be established at 3 km west of road junction of Fredewald and the division's rear Cp in the area ____.

The time of readiness of the division troops for the attack is 2400 on __.


III. The army means and adjacent missions:

a. The following targets are destroyed in the division's sector by army means:
----- enemy's Corps CP at ____
----- nuclear depot at ____
----- nuclear rocket system at ____
During the artillery preparatory fires, the following targets in the division's sector are destroyed : targets ____, ____, ____, ____.

The air force destroys and suppresses during the preparatory fire the enemy's nuclear weapons at ____, enemy CP at ____, enemy SAM systems in ____, enemy radar posts at ____.

b. On the right the 11th MRD of the First Guards Army attacks with an immediate mission to seize the line of the road junction west of Schellbach, Wattenstein, Rabolds, and a subsequent mission to seize the line of Frielendorf, 3 km west of Seigertshausen, and Neukirchen. The daily mission of the division is to seize the line of Momberg, Neustadt, Arnsha. The boundary with the division passes through: Eisenach, Hill 754, and Dannenrod.

On the left, the 18th MRD attacks with an immediate mission to seize the line of road junction 3 km northwest of Hattenbach, Breilenburg, 2 km east of Hatterode. The division's subsequent mission is to seize the line of Lingetach, and airfield at Lauterbach, and its daily mission is to seize the line of 2 km west of Neider, east of Windhausen, and Meiches. The boundary with the division passes through : Mohara, Hill 366, road junction south east of Bad Hersfeld, Kleba, Lingellach, Neider.


IV. Troop control- The Army's FCP is at Walreslenben
----- army's CP is at Wickastedt
----- army's rear CP is at Tumpling

The direction of relocation of the FCP, CP, and rear CP during the operation is the direction of Waldfisch, Schenklengsfeld, Gruynbverg, Weilmunster, Ober Dmershausen.

The signal communication from army's CP's to the front' commander and staff and with the subordinate, adjacent and interacting troops is to be established by radio, radio-relay, telephone and mobile communications means with strict observation of the rules of secrecy of the troop control.

My deputies are in order of succession: The chief of staff, first deputy army commander, chief of the political affairs dept, and commander of the 16th MRD.

Chief of operations directorate
Chief of Staff |
x

I approve ___/___/Guards Army Serial No:
Major General -- SECRET
Copy No:

Command post ________, at ____, on ____ Map 1:250,000 Aug 1983 ed:

I. Enemy

As a result of the deterioration of the international situation the NATO has secretly brought its armed forces to the state of full combat readiness and wants to launch a surprise attack on the territories of the Warsaw Pact.
Confronting the troops of the ___________ Army, t he forces of the _____ _ Corps are deployed with the _____ ________ and the _______ _______ Division in the first echelon composed of a total of up to ____ nuclear missile systems, ____ nuclear artillery pieces, ____ tanks,____ guns and mortars, ____ SAM systems, and ____ fixed wing aircraft and helicopters.

In the second echelon of the _ Corps, the ___ division and most likely tank troops of the FRG will operate with a total of ____ nuclear missile systems, ____ nuclear artillery piece tan guns and mortars, ____ SAM systems, ____ fixed wing aircraft and helicopters.

In front of the forward defense belt, the ________________ Regiment and the enemy's border troops are deployed in the security zone.

The combat action of the enemy during the operation will be supported by ____ combat aircraft from the U.S. and FRG national air forces and aviation troops of the ___ ATAF, organic to the Central Army Group, which has nuclear capability.

During the conduct of the operation the enemy can launch a total of ( ) strikes of nuclear rockets, rounds, and bombs in the area of the __________ Army.

On the flanks of the ___ Corps, the _________ Corps in the north and the _______Corps in the south will operate. Their actions can affect the ______ ______ Army actions during the conduct of the operation.

During the operation, movement of the U. S. and French strategic reserves and newly mobilized German reserves to the area of the Eighth Guards Army is likely. The enemy tries to inflict maximum losses on the Warsaw Pact countries by launching a surprise decisive offensive operation and seize vital territories. If the Warsaw Pact countries overtake the NATO in offensive operations, it is likely that the troops of the ____ U. S. Corps will hold pre-prepared defensive lines at the line of __________, __________, _______, ________, to inflict heavy losses on the army by defensive actions.

In this case the enemy's counter strikes by his second echelon troops are likely to be launched from the line: __________ - ____ in the direction of ________, _________ ,___________, and from the line: _______,________ in the direction of _______, _______, __________.


II. The ____ MRD with ____ Arty Brigade of the VGK artillery div, -- Anti-tank Bn, ____Combat Engineer Bn, -- Assault Crossing Co, and ___ Bn of the Road and Bridge Regiment is to attack the enemy at the line of ________, _______ and to develop the attack in the direction ________, - _______ and destroy the enemy in the area _________, ________, _______, ______ and at ____to continue the attack in the direction of __________ - _____ and destroy the enemy's division reserves in the area: ________, ________, ______, and _______ and at ____ hrs seize the line of its immediate mission at ______, ______, and _____________.
Then the division is to continue the attack in the direction of ______, _______, ________, destroy the enemy forces in the area ____, ____, ____, ____ and at the end of the day seize the line of __________, ___________ and ______________. The direction of attack of the division for the next day is _________ and ________.

The division is to detach one reinforced BMP motorized rifle battalion as a forward detachment to destroy, from the line of march, the enemy's border and covering troops in the security zone and to facilitate quick advance of the division to the line of the enemy's forward defense area.

For the division's attack __ nuclear rockets, _ chemical rockets and __ conventional rocket warheads are allocated. The chemical and nuclear weapons will be used in accordance with the order and instructions via signal for the initial nuclear strike by the front.

(In case of the conduct of the attack with the use of nuclear weapons the targets of divisional rocket troops are specified as shown below.) During the initial nuclear strike of the front the following targets are to be destroyed by the division's rocket battalion:
----- target No 314, enemy's first echelon bn, in area ____, --by a 3 kt warhead air burst at H- 00:20 or at the signal;
----- target No 315, enemy's first echelon bn, in area ____ , ____ by a 3 kt warhead, air burst, at H - 00:20 or at the signal;
----- target No. 316, enemy artillery bn, in area ____, ____ by a 3 kt warhead, air burst, at H - 00:20 or at the signal;
----- target No. 317, enemy brigade second echelon bn, in the area ____, ____ by a 3 kt warhead, air burst, at H - 00:20 or at the signal;
----- target No. 318, enemy brigade second echelon tank bn, in the area ____, ____ by a 10 kt warhead, air burst, at H + 00:20 or at the signal:
----- target No. 319, enemy's division CP, in the area ____ by a 10 kt warhead, ground burst, at H + 00:20.
----- target No. 320 enemy's brigade CP in the area ____ by a 10 kt warhead, ground burst, at H + 00:20
----- target No. 321, enemy's rear service, in area ____ by a 10 kt warhead, air burst, at H + 00:20.

The division is to conduct breakthrough of the enemy forward defense area in the area ___ on a 4 km front and destroy or suppress during the preparatory fire the enemy's strong points on the forward line and in the depth, command posts, artillery and mortar batteries, and enemy's immediate reserves.

The division CP during the breakthrough of the enemy's defense is to be established at _______________ and the division's rear Cp in the area ____.

The time of readiness of the division troops for the attack is 2400 on __.


III. The army means and adjacent missions:

a. The following targets are destroyed in the division's sector by army means:
----- enemy's Corps CP at ____
----- nuclear depot at ____
----- nuclear rocket system at ____

During the artillery preparatory fires, the following targets in the division's sector are destroyed : targets ____, ____, ____, ____.

The air force destroys and suppresses during the preparatory fire the enemy's nuclear weapons at ____, enemy CP at ____, enemy SAM systems in ____, enemy radar posts at ____.

b. On the right the ____ MRD of the __________ Army attacks with an immediate mission to seize the line of the road junction west of __________, _______, _______, and a subsequent mission to seize the line of _______,_____, and ________. The daily mission of the division is to seize the line of _______, ______,_______. The boundary with the division passes through: ________, ________, and _________.

On the left, the ____ MRD attacks with an immediate mission to seize the line of road junction _______, ___________, ____________. The division's subsequent mission is to seize the line of _______, and __________ , and its daily mission is to seize the line of ___________, _________________, and _______. The boundary with the division passes through : _____, ________, ____________________, _________, and _________.


IV. Troop control- The Army's FCP is at ________
----- army's CP is at __________
----- army's rear CP is at ________

The direction of relocation of the FCP, CP, and rear CP during the operation is the direction of ________,________,________, _____________.

The signal communication from army's CP's to the front' commander and staff and with the subordinate, adjacent and interacting troops is to be established by radio, radio-relay, telephone, and mobile communications means with strict observation of the rules of secrecy of the troop control.

My deputies are in order of succession: The chief of staff, first deputy army commander, chief of the political affairs dept, and commander of the 16th MRD.

Chief of operations directorate
Chief of Staff
x

Combat report

Operations summary


Compiled summary of combat experience


Journal of combat operations


Situation report map

RECONNAISSANCE

The following documents are received by or prepared by the reconnaissance directorate. The commander and chief of staff play a much larger direct role in the organization, tasking, and planning of reconnaissance than they do in other areas having separate chiefs such as artillery or engineers. This is because reconnaissance specifically serves the commander's needs. However, as with other functional areas in the staff and chiefs of arms and services, reconnaissance is also subordinate to its counterpart staff section at the higher headquarters. Therefore the chief of reconnaissance receives a set of instructions from the higher headquarters, which he must discuss with his commander, and he in turn prepares instructions on reconnaissance for transmission to the major combined arms headquarters subordinate to his. In addition there are separate sets of reconnaissance instructions, which the chief of reconnaissance prepares and issues to the reconnaissance units directly subordinate to him.



Instructions on Reconnaissance from Front

The army chief of reconnaissance receives instructions on reconnaissance directly from the chief of reconnaissance at front. He studies these instructions and reports about them as part of his report and suggestions to the army chief of staff and commander. The content of typical instructions is given in the following sample.

1. Area of radio reconnaissance:

right boundary
left boundary

2. Plan the dispatch of SPETZNAZ reconnaissance groups to the rear of the enemy on the first day of the operation up to the line _____. and on subsequent days in accordance with the decision of the army commander.

3. On the first day of the operation four aircraft sorties from the 79th Transport Aviation Regiment (at airfield ___) are allocated to the army for dropping the army's SPETZNAZ groups. On subsequent days the number of such sorties is determined in accordance with the army's suggestions.

4. In the army's area, air reconnaissance is to be conducted by the 30th Tactical Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment. The call signs of the aircraft crews, frequencies of on-board radios, and secret troop control documents regarding the acquisition of air reconnaissance information directly from the reconnaissance aircraft have been sent previously to the army staff.

5. As of 3.23 the 5th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron of T5P-1 (tactical pilotless reconnaissance drones) is attached to the army.

6. The reconnaissance summary and reconnaissance reports are to be sent in accordance with the table of periodic summaries.

Army Commander's Instructions on Reconnaissance

The army commander analyzes the requirements for information and determines the reconnaissance needed. He defines and specifies the missions to be accomplished and the objectives to be achieved. He defines the data he wants and when he needs it and in what form the reconnaissance forces may be used especially prior to the offensive. Based on the combat missions and the assessment of available information on the enemy, the army commander specifies the following:
----- the aim and the most important tasks of reconnaissance;
----- where and at what targets (areas, directions) the main effort of reconnaissance must be concentrated;
----- what information must be acquired at what time;
----- what reconnaissance forces and means are allocated to be used in acquisition of reconnaissance information prior to the initiation of the combat action.

He also specifies the additional troops and means which he desires to employ to accomplish reconnaissance tasks.

The army commander also listens to the suggestions of the chief of staff and chief of the reconnaissance directorate on issues of the organization of reconnaissance, as well as on reconnaissance during the conduct of the most important tasks.

The following is a sample of typical army commander's instructions on reconnaissance. These are elaborated on by the chief of staff and implemented by the chief of reconnaissance.

SAMPLE

ARMY COMMANDER'S INSTRUCTIONS ON RECONNAISSANCE

1. The reconnaissance must in a timely fashion disclose the measures taken by the I British and the I Belgian Corps on the preparation for the attack, determine in timely fashion the initiation of the enemy's attack and determine the grouping of the enemy forces and their likely concept of action.

2. The principle tasks of reconnaissance are as follows:
----- timely detection of the movement of rocket units and subunits from their permanent garrisons, their direction of movement, position areas of firing batteries, command posts, areas of deployment of supplies of nuclear rounds, and locations of stockpiles;
----- detection of the movement of the I British and I Belgian Corps and the 7th German division from their permanent garrisons, the direction of their movement, and the assembly and deployment areas of their main grouping; ----- detection of the number of units and combat composition of German large units and units in the areas____, determining their time of readiness, their direction of movement, and the enemy's intention regarding their employment;
----- follow and observation of the movement of US and British forces in their army's attack area;
----- detection and determining the characteristics of defensive engineer work in the covering (security) zone.

The main effort of reconnaissance is to be concentrated in the direction of ___.

The Chief of Staff's Actions on Reconnaissance

The army chief of staff conducts the following actions and has the following duties related to the organization of reconnaissance:
continuous direct supervision of the reconnaissance activities, and responsibility for the organization of reconnaissance;
obligation to know the enemy in the area of the army's attack, to forecast likely changes in the situation and to be ready constantly to answer the commander's questions about the situation of the enemy forces. He should always be ready to report his deductions and suggestions to the commander;
specifies the concrete details of reconnaissance missions assigned by the higher commander and staff, specifies the order (priority) of the conduct of the reconnaissance missions, confirms targets on which the main reconnaissance effort is to be concentrated, specifies forces and means for the conduct of the most important tasks and specifies the reserve of reconnaissance troops and means;

In addition the chief of staff issues instructions on the principle measures regarding the preparation of reconnaissance forces and means to accomplish assigned missions, designates and instructs the time of signing the reconnaissance plan and combat instructions on reconnaissance.

Chief of Staff Instructions on Reconnaissance

The army chief of staff is directly responsible for the organization of reconnaissance. He interprets the commander's instructions and converts them into specific tasks.

In his instructions the chief of staff gives the following:
----- specifies in detail the reconnaissance tasks assigned by the commander and higher headquarters and the sequence of their execution as well as the allocation of troops and means for the performance of each task.
----- specifies the measures for coordination among the different types and methods of reconnaissance.
----- specifies the time and method of collection of reconnaissance information.
----- confirms and adjusts objectives and areas and axes where the main effort of reconnaissance will be concentrated.
----- specifies the troops and means to be employed for accomplishment of most important missions.
----- specifies the main measures on readiness of reconnaissance forces
----- specifies the deadline for preparation of the reconnaissance plan and the combat instructions on reconnaissance and when it must be forwarded to him for his approval and endorsement.
----- specifies the reconnaissance reserve of troops and means.

The following is a sample of typical instructions from the chief of staff to the chief of reconnaissance.

At the end of 3.22 the observation system must be organized on the state border by the forces and means of the reconnaissance battalions of the 10th, 12th, 14th, and 16th Motorized Rifle Divisions. Areas of deployment of division observation points are to be coordinated with the border troops.

On the morning of 3.23 the following command posts are to deploy;
----- command post of 15th Separate Radio Battalion OSNAZ in the woods 2 km east of ____.
----- command post of the 15th Separate Radio-technical Battalion OSNAZ in the woods ___.

The radio interception, radio direction, and radio technical companies are to deploy in accordance with the decision of the chief of reconnaissance. Areas of their deployment must be coordinated in advance with the army's operational directorate.

The time, altitude and flight direction of reconnaissance helicopters of the separate OSNAZ radio and radio-technical battalions are to be coordinated with the army's air defense control point.

The 15th Separate Special Purpose (SPETZNAZ) company is to concentrate in the area ______. The preparation of the SPETZNAZ reconnaissance groups for the conduct of missions must be completed by the end of 3.23.
On 3.24 the launch position areas of tactical pilotless tactical reconnaissance (TBR-1) squadron is to be specified, the squadron must deploy there and reconnaissance missions are to be assigned to them.

On 3.28 the characteristics of defensive engineer work, the extent of their occupation, grouping of forces and the fire system of the defending enemy troops in the covering (security) zones at ___ and on the forward defensive line in areas ___ must be confirmed.

Four special purpose (SPETZNAZ) reconnaissance groups from the 15th Separate Special Purpose Reconnaissance Company are to be dropped in the enemy's rear on the first day of the operation.

The reconnaissance plan and combat instructions on reconnaissance are to be presented at 0900 on 3.24.

Duties of the Chief of Reconnaissance

l. The chief of reconnaissance is responsible for the training, and insures the high combat readiness of the reconnaissance troops. He exercises troop control over them and supervises the conduct of the operation of reconnaissance units and subunits. He is responsible for the following items.
----- collection, study and analysis of the derivation of deductions about reconnaissance information about the enemy and terrain and timely presentation of the important information to the chief of staff and higher commander and staff.
----- derivation of the aims and tasks of reconnaissance and the allocation of required troops and reconnaissance means to accomplish these.
----- preparation of the reconnaissance plan and issuance of missions to the reconnaissance department staff. The reconnaissance plan is signed by the chief of staff and approved by the commander.
----- coordination of all efforts of different reconnaissance means in terms of their missions and objectives
----- preparation of units and sub-units (groups) (GRG from SPETZNAZ) at army level which has two sections each with 4 groups. The army level battalion has 35 to 40 groups operating up to 800 km deep.
----- preparation of unit and subunits assigned to conduct reconnaissance and insuring their all round support
----- control of the execution of assigned instructions and orders and practical assistance to staffs and commanders of units and sub units in accomplishment of reconnaissance missions.
----- organization of continuous communications with units and subunits (groups) assigned to combat reconnaissance and also with the headquarters of subordinate operational formations and large units.
----- reception of reconnaissance reports from aircraft.
----- organization and conduct of actions about the protection of reconnaissance units, subunits and groups against mass destruction weapons.
----- communication of reconnaissance information inside the staff and to subordinate, adjacent and coordinating headquarters.

Based on the instructions of the army commander and chief of staff, the chief of reconnaissance begins to organize the reconnaissance for the operation. The measures and actions taken by the army's chief of reconnaissance include the following:
----- a. Issuing the reconnaissance combat mission to various reconnaissance troops and the establishing the time for completing each mission as well as the time and method for reporting reconnaissance information.
----- b. Establishing the measures for coordination (interaction) among the various reconnaissance activities and units conducting them.
----- c. Issuing instructions to the reconnaissance troops concerning the method of their movement to their deployment areas.
----- d. Instructing the army's reconnaissance staff on preparing the reconnaissance plan.
----- e. Controlling the attainment of assigned missions.

Estimate of the Situation by Chief of Reconnaissance

During the assessment of the enemy:

1. Situation, status, character of action, and intention of enemy ground forces

2. Situation, status, location, and capabilities of enemy artillery, air, air defense, and other special (nuclear) targets

3. Grouping of enemy artillery

4. Location of enemy nuclear rocket troops and nuclear depots

5. Location of enemy reserves

Report and Suggestions of Chief of Reconnaissance

THE REPORT (DOKLAD) OF THE CHIEF OF ARMY RECON DURING THE ARMY COMMANDER'S PROCESS OF MAKING THE DECISION

1. Situation, status and characteristics of reconnaissance troops.

2. Requirement of the army during the operation.

3. Availability and supply of assets during the operation.

4. Strength (completeness) level of personnel and combat equipment in recon.

l. The composition, grouping, and operational situation of the enemy forces generally along the army area and in front of adjacents

2. assessment of enemy ground forces
----- how many divisions to include infantry, armored and airborne division and how many of each.
----- how many tanks, artillery, mortars, antitank-guns antitank guided missiles and SAMs are there in these divisions.
----- how many divisions deployed on the first operational echelon, to include the total number of tanks, guns and mortars, antitank guns, antitank guided missiles, and SAMS.
----- how many divisions in 2nd echelons and reserves to include number of same weapons etc.
----- where is the likely axis of enemy main attack, how many divisions employed there and what is total number of tanks etc .
----- the secondary attacks are expected in what directions and how many divisions will be employed in each direction. What will be the total number of weapons such as tanks and antitank guns, ATGM SAMs etc.

3. Assessment of enemy nuclear weapons
----- what will be the total number of nuclear rounds rockets and bombs the enemy is expected to use in his initial nuclear strike.
----- location of most important systems of nuclear delivery means such as rockets, aircraft and nuclear depots.

4. Assessment of enemy helicopter capabilities
----- the number and of types of enemy helicopters army operational area
----- bases and refueling points
----- forms of operations of enemy helicopters

5. Assessment of enemy rear services
----- location of enemy rear services, depots, supplies, routes, supply bases and ports.
----- availability and volume of supplies

6. General deductions from estimate of enemy situation and suggestions.
----- density of enemy forces along the entire front and entire depth and on each axis of operations (including air and air defense)
----- concept and character of enemy likely actions
----- direction of main attack and other attacks and how many divisions will be operating on each
----- operational formations
----- time of initiation of attack by enemy
----- enemy air support situation
----- enemy's strength, combat experience, training and morale
----- the nature and character of engineer fortifications, obstacles and terrain conditions in army area
----- enemy strong and weak points
----- most dangerous action by enemy
----- in case enemy initiates nuclear war -how many nuclear rounds can it use - by what units and what means the nuclear weapons can be delivered - in what depth nuclear weapons can be used by enemy
----- how many strikes can be launched to include the percentage of total nuclear rounds in each strike and the time gap between strikes
----- most favorable targets for army initial nuclear strike

EEI
----- detection of enemy nuclear and chemical means
----- enemy ground force groupings and command posts
----- enemy airfields, areas of deployment of air defense means, guidance centers and radars.
----- mobilization centers and the formation of operational reserves
----- defensive lines and other important enemy targets.

1. Enemy forces

The Eighth army is facing elements of NATO CENTAG. These consist of the The Third German Corps and the Fifth US Corps. These corps have the following nuclear rocket units at the given locations:


Unit---------------Location ------------------Number of rockets----------------- Yields -----------------------Range

III GE Corps

2nd AID

5th AID

V US Corps

3rd AD

8th MD

The total number of nuclear rockets the enemy can launch against the Eighth army is:

Guiding Data of Reconnaissance Plan

The calculations necessary to distribute reconnaissance resources to targets are made on the basis of the table showing the total reconnaissance forces and means available to the army.

Calculations of Recon Forces



Sequence for Preparing Reconnaissance Plan


1. Mark available and current information about the enemy on the map and draw the boundary lines of divisions and the army.

2. Mark the areas and directions (axes) of particular attention

3. Specify and single out that reconnaissance information which requires confirmation, updating and recontrol.

4. Calculate the capabilities of reconnaissance troops and means and their distribution in terms of targets and directions (axes)

5. Specify the areas and the lines of deployment and operation of reconnaissance organs (elements) and specify their missions.

6. Establish the method for repeated checking of the targets of the initial nuclear strike, both before and after the first strike.

7. Assess the enemy's likely actions, the grouping of his troops and means prior to the initiation of combat actions and during the course of the combat operation.

8. Determine the specific reconnaissance mission prior to the operation and in the course of the conduct of the operation.

9. Specify the time of acquisition of reconnaissance information for the initial nuclear strike, initiation of the attack by friendly forces, commitment of the second echelon forces into combat, assault river crossing, fighting the enemy's advancing reserves, etc.

10. Specify measures on reinforcement and activation of the reconnaissance for the upcoming war and for the phase of the initiation of military operations.

Plan for Employment of Reconnaissance Troops

The essence of reconnaissance planning is the rational and best allocation of the various specific troops and means, on the basis of their capabilities, to the individual missions and objectives. Depending on the situation the reconnaissance plan is prepared in a written form with a map annex or it is worked out on a map with written instructions. The reconnaissance plan should reflect the following points:
----- the aim and specific tasks of reconnaissance with the reconnaissance sectors (areas, axes).
----- the troops and means allocated for reconnaissance and their distribution in terms of missions and objectives (targets).
----- the timing of the accomplishment of the assigned missions and the time to acquire the required information from higher headquarters and other headquarters.
----- the designation of a reconnaissance troops and means reserve.
----- organization of troop control of reconnaissance troops and means and the method of sending reconnaissance reports.
----- the plan also may include other guidelines, instructions and information on preparation and conduct of the reconnaissance.

The army plan of reconnaissance includes the following points on aerial reconnaissance:
----- the missions and limits (areas) of aerial reconnaissance;
----- the number of allocated sorties for the accomplishment of each mission;
----- the most important reconnaissance targets;
----- the method and time of sending aerial reconnaissance reports.

The map annex, attached to the reconnaissance plan, normally reflects the following:
----- boundaries of the army and of divisions;
----- the targets and axes of reconnaissance and the areas where special attention of the reconnaissance is to be concentrated;
----- the units, subunits, and groups (detachments) of special reconnaissance troops and the sources of espionage reconnaissance;
----- the main directions of aerial reconnaissance to cover the areas of deployment of the airfields where the reconnaissance aviation forces are based. The scale and dimension of vertical and oblique aerial photography of these airfields.
----- the main and alternate areas of the deployment of army reconnaissance troops and means and the method of their movement and relocation in the course of the operation;
----- the line up to which all types of arms and services may conduct reconnaissance prior to the initiation of the operation;

The written instructions attached to the map type reconnaissance plan briefly reflect the following points:
----- the aim and main tasks of the reconnaissance and the time of their accomplishment
----- calculation of the troops and means in terms of missions, the days of operation and the axes of action, along with other information which can not be shown on the map.
----- instructions on material (logistic) support.
----- instructions on coordination (interaction)
----- instructions on communications.

Written Instructions to Army Reconnaissance Plan

Instructions of Army Staff on Reconnaissance to the Chief of Reconnaissance of the Division


The army chief of reconnaissance prepares instructions on the conduct of reconnaissance for each division in accordance with the overall army reconnaissance plan. The instructions cover the following points:

The following is a short current summary of information on the enemy;

The division will organize officer observation posts along the border to operate prior the the deployment of the covering forces. They must not disturb the existing daily regime of the normal border guard forces.

Upon occupation of their positions by the covering force, the division reconnaissance will take the following measures;
----- organize reconnaissance and observation with the forces and means of the radio and radar reconnaissance units of the reconnaissance battalion up to the border;
----- organize division visual observation posts and observation posts from the one regiment in the covering force up to the border;
----- organize reconnaissance and observation by aerial photography from helicopters along the border. The helicopters must remain back from and not cross the border.
----- during preparation for the offensive, create the following:
---------- 1. establish the time enemy covering forces begin to move from their barracks and their composition, grouping, areas of deployment, and defensive positions.
---------- 2. establish the extent of engineer fortifications and preparations, and locations of nuclear and conventional fougasse in the covering force area;
---------- 3. establish the enemy's basic main line of defense and its engineer preparations, and obstacles in front of the main line of resistance;
----- at the start of the offensive a minimum of 5 reconnaissance groups SPETZNAZ of the division will be sent into the enemy rear area up to the line _____________;
----- reconnaissance reports and summarys will be sent at the following times:
----- reconnaissance report sent four times and day - 0500, 1100, 1700, and 2300 on the situation as of 0400, 1000, 1600, and 2200;
----- daily reconnaissance summary will be sent at 2100 on the situation as of 2000 with all major developments in last 24 hrs;
----- report on the operations, situation, and composition of the reconnaissance forces themselves and fulfillment of their missions will be sent at 2100 on the situation as of 2000;
----- important information on the enemy will be reported immediately;

In the division's offensive area the following ____ tactical aerial reconnaissance squadron will operate. The call sign of the crews and the radio frequency are as follows:

ARTILLERY

The following section contains the documents prepared by and used in the artillery directorate in the course of organizing and planning artillery support for army operations.


Combat Instructions from Front Chief of MT&A to army on Missile Troops and Artillery

The front staff in the name of the commander issues instructions to each army on the details of rocket troops and artillery. The instructions elaborate on the information about artillery found in the front operations directive. The instructions are issued by the front chief of rocket troops and artillery directly to the army chief of rocket troops and artillery. The latter uses these instructions as one basis for his clarification of mission, estimate of situation and decision. He briefs the army commander on the content of these instructions as part of his report and suggestions during the army commander's decision making process. The following points are included in the front instructions:
-----which artillery and anti-tank formations and units (by specific designation) will be reenforcing the army;
----- how many nuclear and chemical warheads for rockets will be available for expenditure by the army for the operation, their distribution for the front first nuclear strike and by army mission;
----- expenditure of conventional rockets given by mission, the possibilities for their resupply during the operation, and how many to keep on hand at the end of the operation;
----- army's allowable expenditure of ammunition during the operation, its possible resupply during the operation, and the quantity of ammunition to have on hand at the conclusion of the operation;
----- on the receipt of the alarm signal a minimum of 30 % of the rocket forces of the army must be at the highest stage of full combat readiness in order to be ready for participation in the first nuclear strike of the front and destruction of important targets;
----- planning for the army's participation by rocket forces in the front nuclear strike will be on the basis of detailed reconnaissance data obtained by the army for the destruction of the following targets:
---------- a. destruction of nuclear forces, supply depots, and nuclear capable air forces;
---------- b. destruction of basic main forces of enemy divisions of the first and second echelon of the opposing corps in the army area;
---------- c. destruction of command posts of the enemy corps and division and control posts for aviation;
---------- d. destruction of PVO rockets and radar installations;
---------- e. destruction of main rear service targets;
----- the army will use air bursts from nuclear rockets and chemical weapons on the main attack axis, with the aim of preventing destruction that would block the movement of our forces;
----- the plan and graphic showing the participation of the army rocket force in the front nuclear strike must be sent to the front by ____ hrs;
----- targets that will be destroyed by front nuclear forces in the army area of operations are the following: ______, _____,
----- the army must create the following army, division, and regiment artillery groups on the main attack axis in the following manner;
----- army artillery group of ten battalions;
----- division artillery groups of six battalions each;
----- regimental artillery groups on the main attack axes of four battalions each;
----- the creation of the army, division, and regimental anti-tank reserves will be in accordance with the decision of the chiefs of rocket troops and artillery;
----- the army will organize and place in position rocket troops and artillery groups to support the deployment of the main forces into the FUP areas and occupation of the covering area near the border to defend against possible enemy initial surprise attack (invasion);
----- the army will break through the enemy main line of defense in a breakthrough area of ten kilometers width and the density of artillery per km. will be not less than 110 guns and mortars;
----- fire support will be conducted to the depth of the defending brigades of defender's first echelon by means of successive concentration fire and barrage fire on one or two lines;
----- ammunition for use during the preparatory fire on the first defense line will be distributed to the weavpons firing positions of the army, division, and regimental artillery groups;
----- support for the commitment of the second echelon army will be provided by a minimum of ten artillery battalions;
----- during the artillery preparation there will also be air preparation by the air army on targets and reserves that are located in the depth of the breakthrough area;
----- the army will receive intelligence from cosmic reconnaissance means in the following manner.

Instructions of the Army Commander on Determing Missions, Targets, and Means for using Missile Forces

The army commander issues instructions on his general policies and principles for the employment of rocket forces. This guidance is taken by the chief of rocket troops and artillery and it forms one of the bases for the detailed planning of rocket troops. The guidance includes the following points:
----- the following enemy groups and targets will be destroyed in the first nuclear strike by the army and division rocket forces:
---------- a. destruction of nuclear means and nuclear depots in the following locations ____. ____ and nuclear capable air units in the following locations ____,____;
---------- b. destruction of main forces of this ____ and ____ and ____ divisions;
---------- c. destruction of command posts of the ____ corps at the following locations ____, of the ____ divisions at ____-, and ____, and ____; and the air control points at ____-and ____-;
---------- d. destruction of PVO points at locations ____,____, and --; and radar installations at ____ and ____;
---------- e. destruction of rear service targets at ____, ____, and ____;
----- the enemy forces will be destroyed to the following level in percent using the following types of warheads and bursts -( for example, air burst of 20 kt);
----- the forces and means that will participate in the first nuclear strike (divisions including 2nd echelon);
----- distribution of nuclear and chemical weapons ammunition by mission and between formations;
----- reserve of nuclear and chemical ammunition;

I will listen to the suggestions of the chief of rocket troops and artillery during the estimate of the situation .

Instructions of the Army Commander in Determining the Missions for Artillery;

The army commander also issues instructions giving his guidance for the employment of artillery in support of the coming operation. The instructions include the following points:
----- the composition of artillery groups and distribution of artillery among the formations;
----- designate the specific composition of the army artillery group and composition of the anti-tank reserve;
----- designate the main missions for artillery during the preparation phase and the course of the operation;
----- designate the breakthrough area, time for artillery preparation, depth of artillery support and its type; and the quantity of ammunition which will be used;
----- which artillery will participate in the artillery preparation;
----- how artillery will support the commitment of the army second echelon division;

Instructions of Army Chief of MT&A on Rocket Troops and Artillery to the Chief of Missile Troops and Artillery of the Division

The chief of rocket troops and artillery at the army level prepares instructions on various technical details of artillery activities for each division. These instructions provide the division artillery chiefs with information on their division requirements to fit the army plan, what resources they can expect, and other matters. The division chiefs report on this information to their commanders and use it as one of the bases for their artillery planning. The instructions contain the following points:
----- what artillery formations and units and anti-tank artillery units will be provided as reenforcement for the division;
----- what are the norms for expenditure of nuclear and chemical rockets will be for the operation and their distribution to the first nuclear strike and by missions;
----- what the norms for expenditure of conventional rockets during the battle will be and its resupply;
----- what will be the norms for expenditutre of ammunition during the preparatory fire and support fire, and for the division's important missions, and the capabilities for its resupply during the course of the battle;
----- what measures should be taken to bring the division rocket forces to full combat readiness;
----- what targets are designated for the division's rockets for planning the division's participation in the first nuclear strike, the yield of the rockets on each target, type of burst and height, time for being ready, and time for delivery of rocket and nuclear, chemical, and conventional warheads from depots to the firing units.
----- instructions for conduct of re-confirming reconnaissance and exact determination of the targets that will be destroyed in the initial nuclear strike of the front;
----- what support must be taken for protection of own troops during the nuclear strike;
----- which army artillery sub-group will support the division during the course of the day's battle; (The army artillery group is usually divided into subgroups for closer coordination of support with first echelon divisions.)
----- composition of the division artillery group and regimental groups for regiments on the main attack axis (in number of battalions);
----- width of the breakthrough sector for the division, density of artillery per kilometer of front, and length of duration of the preparatory fire, composition of the fire preparation (usually it consists of 3 - 5 artillery strikes), means for delivery of ammunition to the gun firing positions;
----- details on movement of the artillery units to their forward firing positions in order to be ready for conduct of prepratory fire, the areas for the firing positions, time to arrive and be prepared, conduct of artillery reconnaissance, designation of the targets for the preparatory fire,
----- how support fire will be provided up to the depth of the defending first echelon brigades and the types of artillery support fire;
----- methods for providing artillery accompanying fire during the battle;
----- composition and grouping of the artillery in the covering force area and its missions;

Format - Suggestions of Chief of MT&A to Commander


\Report and Suggestions of Chief of MT&A to commander

Planning Combat Employment of Missile Troops and Artillery in Army Offensive Operations

The plan of employment of rocket troops and artillery is the principle document prescribing combat actions of rocket troops and artillery in terms of missions of the operation. The plan of combat employment of rocket troops and artillery is a main component of army plans for the operation. It is the principle document of the army's staff, of rocket troops, and of artillery.

While planning the combat employment of rocket troops and artillery in army offensive operations, the chief of rocket troops and artillery accomplishes the following:
----- clarify the mission;
----- study the decision of the front commander on the employment of rocket troops and artillery;
----- study instructions from higher echelons on the employment of rocket troops and artillery;
----- conduct a full assessment (estimate) of the situation;
----- make decisions on employment of rocket troops and artillery on the basis of which the plan for combat employment is prepared.

The plan is prepared in graphic form on a 1/200,000 or 1/100,000 scale map with an annex of written instructions. The plan is signed by the chief of the rocket troops and artillery and his chief of staff. It is approved by the army commander. The plan is considered a part of the army's plan of operation. The following points are shown in the graphic part of the plan:
----- situations and actions of enemy forces, his important groupings, and targets of rocket troops and artillery;
----- situations and missions of army forces and divisions and boundaries between them;
----- missions of rocket troops in the initial and subsequent nuclear strikes, number of targets, yields of nuclear rounds, types of bursts, subunits and units launching the strikes, and time of delivery of strikes;
----- employ rocket troops against enemy nuclear means;
----- directions of movements and positions areas of rocket troops and army technical rocket subunits in attack (FUP) positions, position areas of rocket battalions of divisions in the attack (FUP) areas, and in the security and border areas;
----- relocate positions of rocket troops and rocket technical subunits during the course of conduct of operations;
----- artillery groupings of the army, divisions and regiments in attack (FUP) areas and in security and border areas;
----- penetration (breakthrough) areas and density of artillery in these areas;
----- areas of deployment of antitank reserves of the army, divisions, and regiments and the directions of their actions;
----- areas of deployment of front antitank reserves and directions of their actions;
----- maneuver of rocket troops and artillery during the course of conduct of operations;
----- positions of air defense artillery and areas of radar;
----- other elements of army combat formations.

In the plan an annex of the initial nuclear strike of the army's rocket troops, with written instructions is also prepared.

In the written instructions, the following points are covered:
----- combat composition of rocket troops and artillery, distribution of attached and organic artillery among the divisions and elements of combat formations, and their regroupment during the course of conduct of operations;
----- specific numbers of nuclear and chemical rockets allocated for operations and their distribution in terms of their allocation to the initial nuclear strike and army's missions and in terms of their distribution to different divisions;
----- availability and distribution of conventional rockets in terms of their allocation to army missions and their distribution to different divisions;
----- distribution of artillery rounds in terms of their allocation to army missions and in terms of their distribution to different divisions;
----- composition of antitank reserves of the army, divisions, and regiments.

The following issues are reflected in the work document:
----- method, time of preparation, and delivery of rockets to troops;
----- calculation of time for bringing rocket troops and artillery to full combat readiness;
----- calculation of time for movement of army and divisions rocket troops;
----- expenditure of conventional rounds in operations and for each mission during the operation;
----- measures for protecting troops against enemy mass-destruction weapons.

Plan for Employment of Missile Troops

Distribution of Army Artillery and Front Artillery

Plan for Employment of Artillery

Graphic of Artillery Preparatory Fire

Availability and Location of Material Supplies

AIR

Air is a functional area that is different from the others. This is because the fixed wing aircraft at front level are found in a separate air army and there are no fixed wing aircraft in the combined arms armies or divisions. Nor do the armies or divisions have air planning officers on their permanent staffs. This function is accomplished by teams of air force officers sent from the air army to the combined arms armies and divisions. with the inclusion of helicopters in the armies and divisions these formations have again activated planning functions for air activities, but different from the fixed wing planning and control, which remains an air force function. Following are samples of the various instructions sent from one headquarters to another or given by the commander to his staff.

Combat Instructions of the Air Army Staff of the Front to the Ground Army on Aviation Matters (Army's Helicopters etc)

The air army staff issues instructions to the army chief of staff on various matters relating to the employment of aviation in support of army operations. The instructions contain the following points:
----- composition and time of arrival of the center of combat control of the air army, the group for combat control, the target identification posts, and radio navigation posts at army and divisions, with the objective of organizing interaction between air and ground forces and control of air movement and combat actions of various types of aviation in the army area;
----- the army will be supported by the following regimental air sorties for each day of the operation;
----- the following combat and transport helicopters will be made available for transporting air assault forces;
----- the following fighter and fighter-bomber aviation means will support transport aviation and transport helicopters in the assembly area for the airborne operation, during the flight time, and during the drop itself;
----- the army will employ the following measures for raising the level of combat readiness of the transport and combat helicopters. They will deploy to combat airfield locations in the following manner;
----- the following quantity of bombs, rockets, and ammunition (including chemical) will be used in the operation, with the following resupply during the operation, and the army will create the following supply reserves at the end of the operation;
----- the following quantity of air ammunition, napalm, fuel, and material supplies will be used for the operation, with the following capability for resupply during the operation, and creation of reserves at the end of the operation;
----- the army will conduct interaction with the following formations and units of fighter aviation of front during the preparation and during the operation;

Combat Instructions of the Army Commander on Aviation Means and Helicopters Subordinate to Him

The army commander issues his guidance on the employment of aviation and his helicopters in the form of instructions. These include the following points:
----- missions for participation in the air part of the preparation, support and accompanying fire along with the artillery;
----- distribution of aviation forces and means by mission and by formations (divisions);
----- the role of helicopters in the battle against tanks and armored forces;
----- the missions for transporting and support of air assault landing;
----- organization of emergency resupply of ammunition by helicopters for ground units;
----- evacuation of wounded and sick from the battlefield;
----- organization and conduct of air observation and reconnaissance;

Missions of the Center for Combat Control of the Air Army

The center of combat control of the air army consists of a few officers from the air army staff with signal means and automatic control means (computer link). It is sent from the air army to the first echelon ground force army's command post. The center deploys to the army command post and fulfill missions during the preparation phase and course of the operation. The air force officers work most closely with the army chief of staff, and also with the chief of the operations directorate and to a lesser degree, but still closely, with the chiefs of reconnaissance and PVO, and chief of artillery. Their main duties are as follows:

They collect data on the air and ground situation in front of the army.

They call for individual strikes of fighter bomber aircraft from the air army taken out of the designated quantity allocated to support the army each day, in accordance with the commander's decision and the conditions of the situation. (This varies, but may be 3 regimental sorties per day). They designate the targets and control the aircraft during the operation.

They conduct interaction of the air forces with the army's forces with the aim of providing air support for the following missions
----- during the front first nuclear strike for re-reconnaissance of targets;
----- during the breakthrough of the enemy main defense and the course of the operation: for aerial reconnaissance, air preparation, air support, and air accompanying fire.
----- during loading and dropping of air assault forces: conduct of aerial reconnaissance, conduct of the landing itself, support and aerial cover over the assembly area, during the flight, during the landing, and during the subsequent battle on the ground;
----- during the commitment into the engagement of the second echelon: aerial reconnaissance, cover of the movement of the second echelon, cover and support of the second echelon during its commitment, and support during the subsequent battle;
----- during repelling enemy counter-attack (blow): reconnaissance of the enemy's counter attacking grouping, cover and support of the forces repelling the counter-attack;
----- during forcing water obstacles: aerial reconnaissance, cover and support of the forces during preparation and during the crossing, and during the battle in the enemy depth;
----- report to the air army about airfields that the army has captured. These air fields may be used by the air forces during the operation.
----- in accordance with the situation, if the army has already used its allocated air flights, the control group can call the air army for more resources, if the army commander requests support for important missions
----- conduct of air reconnaissance and provide the resulting information to the army staff
----- organization of interaction of the fighter aviation with the formations and units of the army PVO rocket forces during covering the army's main forces from enemy air strikes in the course of the most important missions;
----- control of air movement of all types of air forces in the army area and support of the security of their own aviation in the army's area;
----- control of the activities of the group of combat control that is located at the division command posts and the posts for navigation and target designation that are deployed in the army area;
----- conduct of signal interaction and target designation and identification of friend and foe between air forces and ground forces;

Missions of the Group of Combat Control:

The group of combat control is composed of a few officers from the air army staff with signal means and means for automatic control who are sent to the command posts of the first echelon divisions. They work mostly with the chief of staff and chief of the operations directorate. They fulfill the following missions during the preparation phase and the course of the battle.
----- collect data on the air and ground situation in the division's attack area;
----- call for and direct the air resources that are designated for division support by the army commander. In accordance with the commander's decision and conditions of the situation, they control the use and direction of these air strikes during the battle;
----- organize interaction of the air forces with the division forces during the fulfillment of the breakthrough of enemy defenses, commitment of second echelon, repelling of counterattacks, forcing of water obstacles, and during other missions during the offensive battle;
----- during assault landing (tactical landings): conduct of aerial reconnaissance, choosing the helicopter pads for the assault landing, cover of the landing force in the assembly area, during flight, during landing, and during the battle on the ground with air forces (fighters and fighter-bombers;
----- fulfillment of missions for aerial reconnaissance, sequence of re-reconnaissance, and providing of aerial reconnaissance information to the division staff;
----- organization of interaction between the fighter aviation and the division PVO rocket forces for cover of the main grouping during the fulfillment of most important missions from enemy air strikes;
----- they send representatives of the air forces with communication means to organize interaction with regiments and forward detachments that are fulfilling the most important missions;
----- designate targets for aircraft and navigation for aviation and combat helicopters against ground targets that are forward of the division's attack area;
----- issue signals for interaction and identification of friend and foe between the air forces and ground forces;
----- establish the posts for target designation on helicopters and small aircraft and on combat vehicles (BMP's) and APC's during the attack. They designate ground targets for the air forces and combat helicopters;
----- establish posts for visual observation for conduct of reconnaissance and observation of the air situation and observation of enemy air forces that can't be seen by the radar stations (low level flights) in the division attack area and warning the forces about enemy air flights;

Points for Guidance and Target Designation

Two or three points for guidance and target designation are sent from every center for control of air forces. They as a rule are located at the command posts of the PVO rocket forces and sometimes they are airborne, located on small aircraft or helicopters. The guiidance and target designation points have their own complex of radars, communication means, and automatic control devices. With the use of these they control aviation and pilotless apparatus and create the best tactical conditions against the targets. Observation of targets is also conducted by the crews with the help of radar location stations that are located on special aircraft and by visual means. The guidance and target designation points fulfill the following missions;
----- support of aircraft, helicopters and other aircraft flight to the combat area and directing them against ground or naval targets;
----- direction of fighter aircraft against enemy aerial targets
----- support of security of air forces against destruction by own PVO and support of security of flights in the army area
----- support of interaction of fighter aircraft with PVO rocket units and anti-aircraft artillery forces;
----- support of identification of friend and foe of aviation with ground forces;

Besides this the air forces sometimes establish points of guidance and target designation set up only with the limited mission of control of fighter aviation against enemy airborne targets;

Report of Air Army Control Group Leader to Ground Army Commander

The leader of the air army control group informs the army commander of his presence and availability for support. he repeats the information contained in the front directive on the number and type of air sorties that will be available to the army.

Army commander decision on use of air

Allocation of flight sorties to divisions

Distribution of air sorties in terms of missions

Orders of Army Commander on Air Assault Operations

The army commander issues instructions governing the planning of air assault operations. The instructions cover the following points:
----- location and time for air assault actions;
----- combat missions of air assault in the depth of the enemy area;
----- order (sequence) of conduct of nuclear strikes, air strikes and rocket strikes on the targets in support of the air assault action and their support during the air assault action once on the ground;
----- order for interaction with fighter and fighter bomber aviation and interaction with forces that will link up on the ground;
----- location of assembly area for air assault forces, time for occupying the area, time for moving to the waiting area, and time to load on the aircraft;
-----organization of troop control;

Instructions of the Army Staff on Air Forces (Helicopters) to the Division Staff

The operations directorate of the army staff prepares and issues instructions on the use of army air assets (helicopters) and information on air force support coming to the division from the front. The instructions include the following points
----- the composition and time of arrival of the air control group, and the post for guidance and target designation, two different teams from the air army). These teams have the aim of conducting interaction between the air forces and the division, and providing support for the movement and flight of front and transport aviation in the division attack area.
----- designation of the number of aircraft sorties that will be given to support the divison each day;
----- the divison will receive the following transport helicopters for the air assault landing;
----- how the divison air assault force will be supported (covered by air) by front fighters and army PVO in the assembly area, during the flight, during the landing phase and during the battle;
----- instructions on measures for bringing division combat and transport helicopters to full combat readiness and occupation of helicopter airfields and their deployment;
----- what norms will be allowed for expenditure of chemical and conventional rockets and bombs during the battle and their resupply;
----- what norms of expenditure will be available for aerial ammunition, napalm, fuel, and material supplies during the battle and their resupply;
----- instructions on evacuation of wounded and sick from the battlefield and delivery of critical supplies by air.

AIR DEFENSE

The following documents are for air defense. The army chief of air defense receives rather detailed instructions from the front chief of air defense. Air defense is a functional area in which the army's forces and means must be closely integrated with those of the front. Furthermore, PVO rockets must be carefully integrated with the PVO fighter aircraft to perform the air defense function, and all of this must be coordinated with other friendly aircraft to avoid fratricide. Following are samples of the main documents.

Combat Instructions of Front Staff to the Army on PVO

The front staff in the name of the commander issues instructions to the armies on all aspects of the employment of air defense forces and means. This information supplements that contained in the operational directive. It is prepared by the front chief of air defense and sent to the army chiefs of air defense troops. These officers use it as the basis for their clarification, estimate and decision. They report on the content to their army commander during his decision making process. The instructions contain the following points:
----- the following is the composition of PVO that will be given for reenforcement of the army
----- the army will accomplish interaction with the following formations and units of fighter aviation, anti-air rocket forces of front, and units of PVO of the adjacent armies;
----- the formations and units of fighter aviation, anti-air rockets of front, and units of PVO of adjacent armies have the following missions;
----- the following means will be used to accomplish interaction with the previously mentioned units;
----- the following quantity of anti-air rockets will be available during the first operation; the following are means for resupply distribution by mission and between rocket units; and the army will create the following reserves of air rocket supplies at the end of the operation;
----- the following quantity of anti air ammunition is available for use by the army during the operation and for creation of reserve supplies at the end of the operation;
----- the front will reenforce the army with the following forces and means of front PVO at these times and for fulfilling the following missions;
----- the following means and methods will be employed for repelling the enemy's air strikes;
----- the army will take the following measures on achieving higher combat readiness of PVO forces to repel an enemy surprise attack, employing the following means for repelling it, and the the following composition of the army duty PVO forces;
----- army PVO will be deployed in the following order (sequence), will employ the following methods for maneuver during the operation, and PVO forces and means and reconnaissance and warning system will be ready at the following times;
----- the army will provide the following support for the flights of long range aviation, front aviation, and transport aviation that will fly over the army's air defense sector;
----- the army will provide the following PVO cover for the commitment into the engagement of the front second echelon army;

Army Commander's Decision on Air Defense

The army commander evaluates the following during the process of making the decision:
---- - The status and capabilities of the army's air defense units and resources;
---- - The groupings of PVOS and military district air defense troops, deployed in the army's marching zone;
---- - Groupings, capabilities and character of operation of the enemy air force.

Army Commander's Instructions on Air Defense

On the basis of deductions derived from such evaluations, the army commander specifies the following to the army's chief of air defense:

Which groupings of army forces and which targets should be covered in which phases;

How and in what method the coordination between army's air defense units and PVOS air defense system and military districts (fronts) air defense troops and means should be established;

Method of reconnaissance of enemy aircraft, warning of the troops, and the method of command and control of air defense troops during the movement.

Combat Instructions of the Army Commander on PVO:

The army commander issues his instructions on employment of air defense means to the chief of air defense. This along with the instructions from higher headquarters forms the basis for the chief of PVO to organize his planning. The instructions contain the following points:
----- the main army PVO forces will be concentrated to cover the following army groupings, units, and targets during the preparation phase and the course of the operation;
----- the enemy's main air strikes will be repelled by employing the following methods. (this means in what sequence of participation of rocket forces with fighter aviation in detail. For specific details see lectures on PVO).
----- the army PVO will interaction with fighter aviation, front PVO forces, and PVO forces of neighbor armies and division in the following manner;
----- the army duty status PVO forces will be the following;
----- the following is the order and time for deployment of army PVO forces and the reconnaissance and warning system at the beginning of the operation and for its maneuver during the operation;

Organization of Air Defense in Army Offensive Operations

Organization of air defense is a number of measures taken by the chief of army air defense and his staff to organize air defense in support of army offensive operations. These measures include the following:
----- planning army air defense and conveying missions on air defense to troops;
----- establishing groupings of air defense troops in the departure (FUP) areas, preparing them for combat actions and maintaining constant combat-readiness to repel enemy air attacks.
----- organizing air defense during the conduct of offensive operations to accomplish missions related to the following:
----- assault crossing over major water obstacles;
----- committing second-echelon forces into combat;
----- repulsing enemy counterblows;
----- organizing troop control and interaction of air defense forces and means;
----- organizing combat support measures and supply of air defense guided rockets.

Planning Air Defense

The chief of army air defense prepares army air defense plans after receiving missions from the army commander. He studies the instructions from the higher staff on air defense and all-around assessment (estimate) of the situation. He then issues instructions and combat instructions on air defense to motorized rifle, tank large units, and air defense units.

Air Defense Plan

The army's chief of air defense works out the army's air defense plan (on the map with written details, covering the entire length of the operation or march) on the basis of the army commander's decision and the instruction of higher headquarters. This plan illustrates the following:
----- Conclusions of the estimate of the situation on the enemy air force;
----- The sectors and march routes of army units, indicating the timing and locations of embarkation, debarkation, assembly areas, daily (nightly) resting areas, crossing of mountain passes, major bridges, defiles etc.;
----- Groupings of the country's air defense system and military district (front) air defense troops located in the army's marching zone;
----- Organization of air defense cover;
----- Organization of fighter aircraft cover;
----- Organization of reconnaissance of enemy aircraft;
----- Organization of troops warning system;
----- Coordination of the army's air defense units with country's air defense system and military districts air defense troops and resources.

The air defense plan in army offensive operations is a detailed formulation of the air defense decision combined with calculations and necessary instructions. The air defense plan is a part of the plan of army offensive operations.

The air defense plan is graphically prepared on a 1/200,000 or 1/100,000 scale map with written instructions. In the graphic part of the plan the following elements are reflected:
----- composition, groupings, and likely direction?of the attack from the aerial enemy and the main groupings of enemy ground forces;
----- operational formation of army troops, its command posts, army boundaries, and army missions;
----- position areas of air defense and radio technical units, immediate adjacent, front and national air defense means operating in army areas, in departure )FUP( areas, and in the entire depth of army offensive operations. The line of reconnaissance of the aerial enemy by radar and the destruction )killing( zone of air defense means.
----- fighter aviation airfields, lines of intercepting enemy aircraft, areas of air patrolling;
----- missions conducted by forces and means of other branches of services in the interest of air defense )where, when, and by what means enemy air targets are destroyed.
----- directions )areas( of the flight of aircraft carrying airborne assault troops;
----- bridges and crossings over rivers.

Other information and calculations are reflected in writing in written instructions along with necessary annexes. The written instructions illustrate the following:
----- brief deductions of the assessment of the enemy;
----- concepts and missions of air defense;
----- combat composition of air defense troops and means and their combat capability;
----- control of air defense forces and means;
----- organizing coordination )interaction( with fighter aviation and other air defense means;
----- availability, supplying )delivering(, and distributing rockets )rounds(;
----- methods of numbering air targets;
----- warning troops of the aerial enemy;
----- combat-readiness and combat standby )on-call( duties of air defense means.

Annexes to air defense plans include the following:
----- plan of detection )reconnaissance( of the aerial enemy;
----- warning and signal diagram;
----- other necessary tables and graphics.

Army air defense plans are signed by the army's chief of staff and chief of air defense. They are approved by the army commander. Written instructions are signed by the chief of army air defense.


Suggestions by Chief of air defense of army

Contents of army commander's decision on air defense

Written instructions on air defense plan

Air defense annex to army plan

Calculations done by air defense planners

Distribution of air defense means to missions

Availability delivery and distribution of material means

Graphic of repulse of enemy initial air strike

Graphic of air defense operation

Instructions of the Army Staff on Air Defense )PVO( to the Divisions

The army chief of air defense prepares and issues instructions to the division chiefs of air defense on the specifics of PVO activities. This enables the divisions to organize their planning to insure that the division air defense in integrated into the army plan. In the past the division was often reenforced with anti-aircraft artillery from the army, but now it usually has sufficient rocket weapons. The major support from army comes in the form of the coverage over the division area provided by army anti-air rocket units positioned within or to the rear of the division area. The instructions cover the following points:
----- what is the composition of PVO forces that will reenforce division if any;
----- interaction will be accomplished with which rocket units of army and adjacent divisions and units of fighter aviation of front;
----- what means will be used for accomplishing interaction with previously listed units in the FUP areas and during the offensive;
----- what norms will be allowed for expenditure of anti-air rockets in the battle and the means for resupply during the battle;
----- what norms are allowed for expenditute of anti-air ammunition and its resupply;
----- what measures must be taken for support of high combat readiness of the division PVO forces, deployment of PVO forces in the FUP areas, composition of duty forces of the division PVO;
----- what is the system of reconnaissance and warning of PVO during the period in which PVO are coming to the state of full combat readiness, during the occupation of the FUP areas, and during the course of the battle;
----- what will be the order for repulse of the enemy's aerial attack strikes;
----- what will be the order of maneuver and cover for division forces by the PVO forces of the division during the battle and cover of division forces during the main missions by the army PVO forces;
----- what means and methods will be used for identification of friend and foe and support of aircraft flights of own aviation in the division area;

ENGINEER


Instructions from Chief of engineers at front

Format - Suggestions of Chief of engineers to Commander

Report and Suggestions of Chief of engineers to commander

Estimate of situation by Chief of engineers

Plan for Employment of Engineers

The chief of army engineer troops organizes the engineer plans for offensive operations on the basis of the army commander's concept in his decision, his instructions on engineer support, and instructions from the front's chief of engineer troops. This is done after an all-around clarification of the assigned missions and estimate of the situation.

The plan for engineer support of army offensive operations is the principal document of the army engineer staff. It is considered part of the army's plan for offensive operations. The engineer plan is prepared on a 1/002,000 or 1/001,000 scale map with written instructions. The plan is signed by the chief of engineer troops and the chief of staff of the army. It is approved by the army commander. The graphic part of the plan includes the following: ----- principal tasks of engineer support during preparation of operations;
----- principal tasks of engineer support during conduct of operations;
----- areas and times of conduct of these missions and engineer troops assigned to accomplish them;
----- areas of deployment of engineer troops in attack departure )FUP( areas and their movements during conduct of operations;
----- organizing support and supply of troops in terms of engineer equipment, armaments, and materials;
----- brief description of enemy forces, means, and character of his likely )possible( actions;
----- operational formation )postroenie( of army troops and divisions in attack departure )FUP( areas, the immediate and long-range missions of the army, and the immediate, subsequent, and daily missions of divisions;
----- areas of breakthrough of enemy defenses;
----- lines of commitment of the army second-echelon into engagement;
----- command posts of the army in attack departure )FUP( areas and their relocation )movement( during the conduct of offensive operations;
----- army boundaries and boundaries between divisions;
----- likely )possible( assault crossing sites at water obstacles during the conduct of offensive operations;
----- likely lines of launching of enemy counterstrikes.

The following points are reflected in written instructions:
----- combat composition and groupings of army engineer troops and distribution of engineer troops amongst divisions, and elements of combat formations, and their distribution in terms of combat missions, and regroupment of engineer troops during operations;
----- availability and distribution of engineer armament and equipment in terms of different missions and among divisions;
----- composition of mobile obstacle detachments, movement support detachments, and engineer reserves;
----- measures on protection of troops against enemy mass-destruction weapons.

Distribution of Front and Army Engineers

SIGNAL

Instructions from Chief of Signal at front

Format - Suggestions of Chief of Signal to Commander

Report and Suggestions of Chief of Signal to commander

Estimate of situation by Chief of Signal

Plan for employment of Signal Troops

THE FOLLOWING POINTS ARE SHOWN ON THE ARMY SIGNAL PLAN MAP

Boundaries and missions of army and divisions.
Command posts of army and divisions in the FUP areas and relocation of command posts during the conduct of the operation.
Command posts of the rocket troops and artillery and air defense troops.
Command posts of radio electronic combat troops, reconnaissance troops, engineer troops, chemical troops, etc.
Areas of deployment of army mobile rear base and division rear bases, bases of rear services hospitals, sections of army's rear services rocket technical bases and other important installations of army rear services.
Signal centers of the army' and divsions' command posts.
Axis and directions of army's and divisions' wire communication system.
Directions, axes, and circular paths of mobile communication means of the army and divisions.
Centers and stations of army and division's field mail service.
Areas of deployment of signal supply and repair units of the army.


Distribution of signal units in army

MASKIROVKA

1. The aim of maskirovka is to insure surprise strikes on the enemy, to confuse the enemy about the targets, place, and time for these strikes, to maintain secrecy of the real intentions, and to show deceptive groupings to the enemy;

2. the army is executor of tasks specified in the front maskirovka plan;

3. Basic forms for achieving maskirovka aims include:
----- secrecy
----- showing deceptive actions
----- spreading disinformation

4. Special effort must be made to deceive the enemy about the location of rocket and artillery positions, location of main striking group, and location of command posts.

Defense Against Mass Destruction Weapons at Army Level



Organization of Protection of Forces and Means and Rear Services from Enemy Use of Nuclear Weapons

The constant possibility of enemy use of mass destruction weapons makes it necessary to protect the forces and rear service targets. Since the enemy has this capability, the army must insure that it is protected from their use. Protection of forces against this is the most important aspect of combat support measures. The aim of protection is to reduce the enemy forces that can use nuclear forces, weaken enemy capability. This means deliver a nuclear strike on the enemy first to weaken the results of the enemy use of mass weapons. Then, if the enemy uses mass weapons, take measures to protect against them. The following measures are used to protect forces from the effects of mass destruction weapons.
----- determine results of enemy use of mass weapons and assess results;
----- direct protection against mass weapons, that means prepare engineer measures and build engineer facilities, etc;
----- if enemy uses mass weapons, take measures to restore combat effectiveness.

Protection of forces against enemy mass weapons is organized on the basis of the following points:
----- the concept of the operation and the army combat mission in the operation;
----- capability and intention of the enemy to use mass weapons - how enemy will use them;
----- quantity and capability of forces and means of protection in the army
----- engineer defense protection of locations - how locations help in the protection like forests and cover natural conditions;
----- how much time they have for commander for organization of protection;
----- conditions of weather and time of year.

The basic organizer is the army commander. The basis is the operations directive of the front commander, instructions on protection against enemy use of mass weapons, and army commander's decision and his instructions on protection. The staff and chiefs of services and special services participate in the organization of protection of forces and rear.

The commander's instructions to his staff on this subject include what and how the staff themselves will do the work of preparation on defense, while the instructions from the army headquarters to the divisions and others are on what they will do. The instructions are issued by the chief of operations directorate in the name of the commander. The army staff and chiefs of services together prepare the organization of protection of forces from mass weapons. The staff is the basic organizer. They work in interaction with the various chiefs in planing and organizing the work for protection of forces

The staff controls the execution of the missions for protection of forces. They have the following documents:
----- operations plan and operations directive;
----- plan for special forces and combat arms plan have sections for arms and for the services and subordinates.

The measures are also in the plan for protection of forces.

The instructions of the army commander have the following points:
----- what is the combat formation what is the main axis and what missions where and when to concentrate the forces for protection against mass weapons;
----- level of preparation of engineer works in the FUP areas and during the operation including positions for rocket forces and air defense and command post and reserve and second echelon all mentioned in this section;
----- missions for chemical, radiation, and biological reconnaissance;
----- the order for dispersion of forces and means and use of natural and artifical cover;
----- organization of operational maskirovka with the aim of increasing protection against the enemy's use of nuclear weapons;
----- designation of forces and means for restoring combat effectiveness and for liquidating the results of the enemy's use of chemical or neucear weapons;
----- time for participation and axis of operation of the special detachment for rescue and liquidation of nuclear effects, including the engineer, chemical and medical components; What rescue detachment and when and where and what composition and how they will operate in general and how the engineer units for protection will operate.
----- what documents will be prepared discussing the protection of troops and what time they must be prepared by the staff, and when they should be dispatched to subordinates;

The instruction is written by chief of operations and commander approves and sends to chiefs of combat arms, special troops, and services.

Plan for Protection of Forces and Means

This is the basic document prepared by the army staff. It has the following parts:
----- the title and heading;
----- the aim;
----- main missions to be accomplished;
----- designation of forces and means to accomplish all tasks;
----- designation of individual personnel responsible for accomplishing each task.

The plan is prepared in three parts. The first part describes the missions andmeasures to be taken prior to the beginning of the operation. The second part specifies the missions and measures to be accomplished during the operation. The third part gives the missions of troop control. The plan is signed by the chief of the operations directorate,the chief of chemical service and chief of staff. It is approved by the army commander.

Basic Mission of Radiological - Chemical Reconnaissance

The chemical reconniassance units perform the following tasks:
----- conduct of radiological/ chemical reconnaissance on the axis of the main attack;
----- conduct reconnaissance of basic and alternate assembly areas for rocket and arty and CP and rear services and second echelons;
----- perform reconnaissance for the line of commitment of the second echelon, and for the entire zone of the offensive and alternate assembly areas;
----- conduct detailed reconnaissance on the narrow main attack axis and where the second echelon goes into combat and where the reserve is located; when a division moves they reconnaissance the route of movement as well a line of commitment;
----- reconnaissance of the zone or region of damage in the interest of the movement of the rescue detachments;
----- reconnaissance of areas for air assault landings;

For each reconnaissance unit or subunit and group or detachment they specify the zone and route and responsibility. Radiation and chemical reconnaissance is a part of chemical support measures. It is organized by the chief of the chemical service, who is responsible for its accomplishment. However, the army staff also participates in the details, especially the chief of reconnaissance since reconnaissance is a general aim of the headquarters. Nevertheless, control of the chemical reconnaissance forces is done by the chief of chemical troops. The data received by chemical reconnaissance is used for improving the commander's decisions when he decided on the axis and regions for operations. Reconnaissance is also to enable the chemical troops to fulfill their mission. They must also provide special decontamination and liquidation of the results of the use of nuclear and chemical weapons. This means mainly the support of the movement of the special decontamination and rescue detachment and provision of special control along with the engineers and medical forces.

Liquidation of Results of Enemy Use of Mass Destruction Weapons

Liquidation of consequences is the restoration of combat effectiveness of troops and rear services and also the creation of good conditions for the continued accomplishment of the missions by the forces. The aim of liquidation and restoration of combat capability includes the following measures:
----- forecasting the radiation, chemical and bacteriological conditions in regions;
----- reconnaissance of areas of destruction and contamination;
----- giving helping work and cleaning and evacuation of personnel and combat equipment from the regions of destruction;
----- special and full decontamination of forces;
----- repair of roads for maneuver and creation of conditions for engineer reconstruction;
----- open passages in the contaminated regions and bypasses repair the damaged bunkers and shelters and evacuate people;
----- fire fighting and control of fire in regions and prevent the spread of fire;
----- disinfection, degassing and de activation of equipment and personnel;
----- purify water and food;
----- control of epidemic against enemy use of bacteriological weapons.

Missions of Forces that Participate in the Liquidation of the Consequences of Enemy Mass Destruction Weapons

Various units participate such as chemical, engineer, medical, and combined arms.

These include engineers to perform the following tasks:
----- reconnaissance of damage in zone of destruction and fires and where dams have resulted in flooding;
----- repair and rebuild roads;
----- support of movement into areas by the rescue services by opening passages;
----- purify water.

Chemical forces fulfill following missions:
----- recon for radiation and chemical;
----- special and full decontamination of forces;
----- disinfection, degassing, and dis-activization.

Medical units perform the following tasks:
----- help to wounded and sick and medical support for casualties;
----- reconnaissance for bacteriological contamination;
----- taking measures for quarantine;
----- struggle against illness and epidemics.

The combined detachment for rescue service is organized according to the plan and then receives its mission after enemy use of mass destruction weapons. It is organized in two ways. One way is to actually establish it ahead of time and its component units are assembled in one location ready for immediate use. The second way is to organize it on paper and all participating units are designated, but they are not assembled. They continue to do their usual work in various places. They are assembled when needed after enemy use of mass weapons. In the detachments they have the following sub-units; one motor rifle company or up to a MR battalion, a chemical unit, engineer units, road construction or combat engineer unit, and medical units.

Army Rear Service in Offensive Operations

Composition, Missions, and Capabilities of Army Rear Service Units and Installations

The army's rear service is organized in the form of a mobile establishment so that it may quickly and effectively meet all of the army's material requirements during the conduct of the operation. It is a relatively strong establishment with 7,000 personnel and 2,005 vehicles. The composition of the army's rear service includes the following elements:
----- army material support brigade;
----- rocket mobile base;
----- separate road construction and traffic battalion;
----- separate bridging company;
----- armored vehicle evacuation battalion;
----- motor vehicle evacuation company;
----- separate engineer repair and evacuation company;
----- medical units;
----- veterinary detachments;

Missions of Army Rear Service

Rear service support is a number of measures taken on organization of rear service, preparing and using communication routes and transport means, material, technical, medical, and other types of troop support and services. Missions of the rear service are as follows:
----- providing troops with all types of material means, timely establishment of material reserves and maintaining the stock of material reserves at prescribed norms and their constant transportation to the troops;
----- preparing the supply routes and supporting the operation of supply routes and transport means and organizing traffic services on army supply routes;
----- collecting and evacuating damaged vehicles and repairing damaged vehicles when the army is reinforced )given( repair units;
----- providing medical assistance )aid( and treatment of wounded and sick; evacuation of wounded and sick to front medical bases; conducting antiepidemic measures and taking measures on hygiene and preventive medical service in the army;
----- organizing protection, defense, and security of rear service targets and maintaining order in the army's assigned service area;
----- providing quarters and veterinary support and exploiting captured material.

The rear service is controlled by the army commander through the deputy army commander of rear service and his staff, the deputy army commander for armaments and technical services with staff, and chiefs of branch of arms and services who are directly under the army commander. The following services are directly under the army's chief of rear services:
----- foodstuff supply service;
----- POL supply service;
----- clothing supply service;
----- medical service;
----- veterinary service;
----- military communication;
----- quarters and housing section;
----- military commercial establishment.

The following services are directly under the army deputy commander for armaments and technical services:
----- rocket and artillery armament;
----- armored and motor armament;

The following services are directly under the army commander:
----- engineer service;
----- chemical service.

The area of army's rear service in the departure area for the attack )FUP area(, in which the rear service elements will deploy, is specified by the chief of front rear service. The boundaries of the army's rear service area are as follows:
----- on the flanks - the boundaries with adjacent armies;
----- at the rear - the boundary of the front's rear service area;
----- at the front - the lines of first-echelon division depots.

The rear service of the army and the division are fully mobile and relocate behind the advancing forces and conduct the supply of troops.

Organizing the Army's Rear Service in Offensive Operations

Organizing the rear service in an offensive operation consists of a series of measures taken by the army commander, chief of rear services and his staff, and other related elements to insure uninterrupted and effective rear support service during the operation. The most important measures are as follows:
----- making the decision by the deputy chief of army commander for rear service on organizing and planning rear service support;
----- conduct of measures on preparing, deploying, and positioning rear service units and installations during the preparation of the operation and their relocation during the operation;
----- assigning missions to rear service units and installations;
----- all-around support of the troops;
----- interaction )coordination( of rear service support;
----- continuous and sustained control of the rear service and continuous communication;
----- continuous control of execution of given orders and instructions.

Planning Rear Service

Planning of the rear service in army offensive operations is conducted on the basis of following:
----- the directive of the front's chief of rear services on rear service;
----- the decision of the army commander for the operation;
----- the decision of the deputy army commander for rear service )chief of the rear service( on organizing rear service support;
----- information )data( about the volume of material reserves, number and composition of our own forces, etc.

A unified plan is prepared for the operation with or without the use of nuclear weapons. The plan is organized in terms of the army's missions during the operation. Support measures during the conduct of the immediate mission )during the first two to three days(, are worked out in more detail. The annexes to the plan such as the supply of the material means, support of desants, regrouping of forces, etc. are also prepared.

The army's rear service support plan is part of the plan of the operation. The rear service plan fully contains all elements required in troop control documents. The plan must reflect the important issues in a condensed form. The plan should be organized consistently with the concept of the operation and the army's missions. The main effort of the rear service must be concentrated on the support of the grouping of forces conducting the main mission. The plan reflects rear service support measures conducted by the deputy army commander for rear services and service elements directly under his control. The plan also reflects support of the troops by ammunition and equipment )in terms of units of supply measurement and weight(, because the chief of the rear service is responsible for their timely delivery. Supply of troops with rockets and their transportation by special transport means, as well as technical support of armament, armored vehicles, motor and tractor, and other equipment are reflected in separate plans of the chiefs of related services who are not under the deputy commander for rear services. The plan of army rear service reflects the following:
----- area of responsibility of army rear service;
----- principle tasks of rear service;
----- composition of rear service;
----- redeploying rear service while preparing the operation and relocating it during the operation;
----- army communication routes and their restoration in case of destruction;
----- material support of army troops;
----- medical support of army troops;
----- protection, security, and defense of the army's rear service;
----- organizing the control of rear service and rear service control points in the departure area and its relocation during the operation;
----- army's attack sector and its missions, areas of deployment of the important elements of the army's combat formation in the departure area;
----- rear service control points and rear service elements of divisions in the departure )FUP( area.

The army's rear service support plan is prepared on a 1:200,000 or 1:100,000 map with written instructions, or it is prepared in written form with a map annex. The plan is signed by the deputy army commander for rear service (chief of the rear service ) and his chief of staff. It is cleared with the army's chief of staff and approved by the army commander.

Establishment of the Army's Rear Service in Offensive Operations and its Relocation During the Operation

The establishment of the rear service is a series of measures on creation )stockpiling( of material and technical reserves, their distribution to troops, employment of rear service forces and means, and creation of conditions for uninterrupted supply to the troops of material means during the operation. The establishment of the rear service includes the following:
----- preparation of rear service units and installations for action and work;
----- deployment and relocation of rear service units and installations;
----- measures on protection of rear service targets against mass-destruction weapons, providing for their defense and security.

The rear service is established in accordance with the commander's decision for the operation and the conditions of the situation. Organization of rear service is tailored in compliance with the grouping of forces and means. Preparation of rear service units and installations for action and support of troops during operations is achieved through augmentation of rear service units and installations with personnel, equipment, and material means; conduct of combat, political and special training, and preparation of rear service equipment for operation.

Preparation of the rear service is conducted during peacetime, at the beginning and during the conduct of the war. In peacetime measures are taken on maintaining constant combat-readiness. At the beginning of the war preparation of rear service includes measures on bringing rear service units and installations to the state of full combat readiness. During the war measures are taken to insure uninterrupted supply of the troops.

Requirements of the Army for the Principal Types of Material Means in Offensive Operations, Volume of Reserves, and Their Echelonment

The expansion of the scope of the army's operation, increasing number of technical equipment in the army and their intensified use increase the consumption of material means in troops and complicate the support of the troops. The army's requirement for material means is determined on the basis of its consumption during the preparation and conduct of the operation, as well as the amount of material reserves planned to be maintained at the end of the operation. The consumption of material means depends on the scope of the operation, character of combat action, number of personnel in the army, terrain and weather conditions, time of the year etc. At the end of the operation the material reserves must be replenished so that the army can initiate the subsequent operation. The requirement for POL constitutes 01-04% of the total weight of the army's material means. The expenditure of ammunition in battle without the use of nuclear weapons is high. During the first day of the operation the expenditure rate of artillery rounds reaches 1.5-2.5 units of fire. The expenditure of ammunition in battle without the use of nuclear weapons is 1.5 times more than in operation with the use of nuclear weapons.

Organization of Control of the Rear Service, Composition of the Army's Rear Service Control Points

Control of rear service is part of troop control and includes control of action of rear service units and services and installations directed toward timely and fully support the army troop with material means. Rear service control should provide the following:
----- maintenance of high morale of personnel;
----- constant readiness of the rear service for continuous support of troops;
----- planning and organization of rear service support;
----- assignment of missions to rear service units and installations;
----- interaction regarding rear service support;
----- continuous control of the accomplishment of given orders and instructions;
----- establishment of uninterrupted communication of the rear service.

In modern conditions, the rear service must be firm, uninterrupted, and flexible and should provide the following:
----- timely deployment of the rear service units and their relocation;
----- continuous supply of material means;
----- quick restoration of communication routes and damaged equipment;
----- timely medical support;
----- effective use of rear service forces and means and their maneuver;
----- taking measures on protection, defense, and maintenance of the rear service.

Firm and reliable control of rear service in a modern operation is possible when controlling elements of the troops and of the rear service both fully know the principles of the conduct of operations, forms of rear service support of modern means of combat, and their impact on the rear service. Control of rear service and support of army troops is conducted by the commander himself through his staff, his deputies for rear service and for technical affairs and armament and their staffs, as well as through chiefs of engineer, chemical, and other services. The commander is fully responsible for the rear service support of the army troops.

Control of rear service is exercised from the rear service control point and is conducted by the deputy commander for rear service. The following are positioned in the rear service control point:
----- rear service staff;
----- branches and services providing support to the troops;
----- control elements not integrated into the command post.

The rear service control point is established in a place from which uninterrupted control of rear service and communication with the command post are achieved )01-51 km behind the command post(. Relocation of the rear service control point is conducted only with the permission of the army commander in line with the relocation of the command post.

When the rear service control point becomes out of commission, control of the rear service is temporarily conducted by the head of the rear service operational group attached to the command post or by the commander of the army's material support brigade. The responsibility may also be delegated to the rear service of one of the divisions.

The rear service signal battalion deploys close to the rear service control point and provides communication for the rear service control point with other necessary organs and establishes the signal center of the rear service control point. The signal battalion is composed of two radio and two telegraphic and telephone companies. The battalion by its organic equipment can establish the signal center of the rear service control point in two locations simultaneously with providing radio and radio relay communication. Therefore, the battalion is capable of establishing radio and radio relay communication from the rear service control point to the army's large units and units and to the rear service units from two locations.

Instructions from Chief of Rear Services at front

Format - Suggestions of Chief of Rear Services to Commander

Report and Suggestions of Chief of Rear Services to commander

Estimate of situation by Chief of Rear Services

Plan for employment of Rear service troops

Distribution of material means and rear service units from front

Echelonment of material means in the Army