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Duties OF THE DIVISION COMMANDER
making decisions;
assigning missions;
organizing interaction and combat support;
continuously controlling the forces in combat;
monitoring the accomplishment of assigned missions;
helping the troops to achieve the assigned objectives.
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DUTIES THE STAFF COORDINATES ON ORGANIZATION AND CONDUCT OF COMBAT
OPERATIONS
formulating the commander's decision;
preparing (working out) documents on troop control;
timely reporting of the situation in reports to higher headquarters;
informing subordinates and cooperating elements, chiefs of combat arms and
services, and adjacent elements of all changes in the situation;
guiding the topographic service and providing the subordinates with topographic
maps, plans, overlays, diagrams, photographic maps, etc.;
organizing secrecy of troop control;
controlling security measures in the operation of subordinate staffs;
insuring the safekeeping of state and military secrets;
calculating casualties and spoils of war.
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DUTIES WHICH THE OFFICERS OF THE OPERATIONS SECTION CONDUCT
planning the combat operation;
training;
combat reports;
organizing of control points.
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CATEGORIES IN WHICH THE RECONNAISSANCE SECTION OFFICERS OPERATE
reconnaissance planning and processing of information;
reconnaissance training;
liaison.
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DUTIES CARRIED OUT BY THE ASSISTANTS TO THE COMMANDER AND THE CHIEFS OF
COMBAT ARMS AND SERVICES
control and guide the units of combat arms and services;
plan and organize their combat employment;
convey the assigned missions to the troops;
along with the staff, control their execution.
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CONTROL POINTS ESTABLISHED IN THE DIVISION IN ORDER TO CONDUCT TROOP
CONTROL
the command post of the division;
division's forward command post;
division's rear control point;
in defense -- the alternate command post (in the attack -- alternate
command posts are designated, but not occupied).
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DETAIL NORMALLY PRESENT AT THE DIVISION COMMAND POST
division's commander and chief of staff;
division's deputy commander for political affairs;
division's staff (without personnel section);
chief of artillery and his staff;
chief of air defense and his staff;
air force combat control group;
chief of engineer and his staff;
chief of chemical troops and his staff;
deputy division commander for technical affairs;
commanders and staff of attached and supporting units;
support subunit.
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PERSONNEL WHO MAY BE ASSIGNED AT THE DIVISION'S FORWARD COMMAND POST
division commander;
chief of operations section;
reconnaissance section's officer;
artillery officer;
signal officer;
air defense officer;
support personnel.
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PERSONNEL INCLUDED AT THE ALTERNATE COMMAND POST
deputy division commander;
assistant chief of operations section;
reconnaissance officer;
assistant signal chief;
artillery staff officer;
assistant to chemical troops officer;
support personnel.
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PERSONNEL USUALLY PRESENT AT THE DIVISION'S REAR CONTROL POINT
deputy division commander for rear service;
rear service staff sections;
rear services;
technical service section;
finance section;
personnel section;
representatives of division's staff;
signal elements;
support elements.
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BASIS ON WHICH SIGNAL COMMUNICATION IS ORGANIZED
division commander's decision;
instructions of the chief of staff to the chief of signals;
instructions on signal communication received from the higher command (army).
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TYPES OF DIVISION SIGNAL COMMUNICATION NET ORGANIZED FOR THE PURPOSE OF
TROOP CONTROL IN BATTLE
command;
interaction;
rear service;
warning (air attack and mass-destruction weapons).
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MEANS BY WHICH INTERACTION COMMUNICATION IS ESTABLISHED BETWEEN DIFFERENT
ELEMENTS
from combined arms units to artillery: by equipment of artillery units;
from ground forces units to air force: through the representatives of aviation
units (formations) who are present with their own communication means at the
interacting supported formation's control point;
from ground forces units with naval units and ships: by equipments of each
interacting formation or through naval representatives at the ground forces
control point;
from motorized rifle units with tanks: by radio - with equipment from each
interacting unit; land line communication - with equipment of motorized rifle
units; by mobile communication means - with equipment of tank units;
among adjacent units: by land line and mobile communication means - from right
flank to left; by radio - by each of the interacting units; radio relay -
through higher command and equipment of each interacting formation.
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OBLIGATIONS OF THE DIVISION DEPUTY COMMANDER
to participate in the development of the combat and political training
plan and the division mobilization plan;
to conduct lessons with officers and exercises and tests for the division's
units and subunits;
to maintain an awareness of the work and political and moral qualities of the
officers and warrant officers of the units and subunits;
to direct physical training and sports in the division;
to inspect the organization and status of combat training in the division's
units and sub-units, to correct revealed shortcomings, and to render assistance
to the unit commanders in organizing and conducting lessons;
to inspect compliance with safety measures during the conduct of lessons,
firing practices, and exercises;
to direct the efforts to develop and improve material training base facilities;
to make sure that the combat training of the division's units and subunits is
promptly supported with material and with training and visual aids, and to
monitor their accounting and maintenance;
to manage the selection of candidates for acceptance in military service as
warrant officers as well as extended-service sergeants, and the selection of
candidates for military training institutions;
to direct the division's efficiency work and invention efforts;
to inspect preparation of the daily detail and its work, and compliance with
internal order in the division and its units.
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OBLIGATIONS OF THE DIVISION'S DEPUTY COMMANDER FOR POLITICAL AFFAIRS
to participate in the development of the combat and political training
plan and the division's mobilization plan;
to organize and conduct political work, guiding it in such a way that it would
unify the personnel about the Communist Party and Soviet government; promote
successful fulfillment of combat and political training missions; maintain the
division's constant combat readiness; fulfill combat missions; and reinforce
one-man command, military discipline, and the political morale of the
personnel;
to conduct an effort to indoctrinate division personnel in the spirit of
boundless devotion to the Soviet motherland, the Communist Party and the Soviet
government, the friendship of the peoples of the USSR, proletarian
internationalism, combat unity with the armed forces of fraternal socialist
countries, intolerance of bourgeois ideology, unswerving compliance with the
USSR Constitution and Soviet laws, faultless fulfillment of the requirements of
the military oath, the military regulations and orders, and the norms of
communist morality, conscious obedience to commanders (chiefs) and respect for
them; to take steps to unify the military collectives, and to indoctrinate the
personnel in the spirit of friendship and troop comradeship, combat traditions,
love for one's unit and faithfulness to his unit's colors as a symbol of
military honor, valor, and glory; to organize extensive propaganda of acts of
heroism and of the courageous and noble deeds of the division's personnel;
to explain to servicemen the leading and guiding role of the Communist Party,
its decisions, its domestic and foreign policy, the military political
situation, and the consequent missions of division personnel, and to
propagandize the successes of the Soviet people in the construction of
communism;
to instill in the personnel an awareness of the need for high political
alertness, faultless fulfillment of military duty, and strict maintenance of
political work aimed at fulfilling the tasks of guard duty and internal (duty
and watch) services;
to instill in the servicemen a class hatred of the enemies of the motherland
and a constant preparedness to defend the state interests of the USSR in all
conditions and at any price;
to instill in the servicemen a feeling of personal responsibility for
assimilation of armament and of combat and other equipment, for its maintenance
in constant combat readiness, and for preservation of military and public
property;
to organize and conduct mass political and legal propaganda and agitation,
political lessons and briefings and cultural-educational work among the
personnel and the families of servicemen, making extensive use of publications,
motion pictures, television, radio, and other technical propaganda resources
for these purposes;
to organize the ideological, theoretical, and teacher training of the leaders
of political lesson groups and their assistants, and the selection, placement,
indoctrination, and education of active propagandists in the units and
subunits;
to manage the political indoctrination of officers and to shape their work,
political, and moral qualities; to personally conduct the indoctrination of
officers and to manage their Marxist-Leninist training; to participate in the
selection, placement, and certification of officers and in the selection of
candidates for military training institutions; to teach officers the practical
techniques of political indoctrination;
to organize the work of the division club and library, and to insure
maintenance of a high ideological level in the measures they carry out and
inclusion of a maximum number of personnel in these measures;
to implement measures associated with organizing socialist competition in the
division and propagandizing the best experience in personnel training and
indoctrination; to develop the initiative and activity of party and Komsomol
organizations in this work;
to display concern for the health and diet of the personnel and for improving
their material and personal conditions, to know their needs, and to show
concern for satisfying them;
to establish and constantly maintain communication with local party and Soviet
organs, and to render assistance to them in the conduct of military-patriotic
work among the public, especially the young;
to organize proper use, maintenance, replenishment, and repair of technical
propaganda resources and political eduction aids;
to report promptly to the division commander and the army's chief of political
affairs, on the political morale of the personnel, on political measures that
have been carried out and on the status of political indoctrination and
military discipline.
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ITEMS THE CHIEF OF STAFF REPORTS TO THE COMMANDER
situation, status, and character of friendly and enemy forces' actions;
deductions from his estimate of the situation and his recommendations on making
the best decision;
necessary measures on organization of troop control, interaction, and combat
support of the actions of friendly troops.
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DUTIES FULFILLED BY THE CHIEF OF THE OPERATIONS SECTION
during peacetime organize, plan, and conduct control of all measures for
achieving a high level of combat readiness for the division and subordinate
units, and staffs;
organize, plan, and inspect operational and combat training of troops and
staffs;
prepare warning instructions, orders, and calendar plans;
organize and plan the re-deployment of the division staff and the distribution
of staff personnel to the various command posts; organizes the daily schedules
and duty rosters; sometimes he personally writes the operation orders and
prepares other important documents;
prepare tactical calculations required by the commander in the decision making
process;
supervise collection, study, and analysis of situation information and send it
to others in the division headquarters and to superior, adjacent, and
subordinate headquarters (the division information center is subordinate to the
chief of operations);
observe and inspect the situation, conditions, manning levels, and combat
capabilities of own forces and provide suggestions to the division commander
and chief of staff on their optimum employment;
sign, issue, and transmit combat missions, operational orders, combat
instructions, and other orders to subordinate units and sub-units;
insure timely preparation and dispatch of information about the situation and
regular situation reports to higher headquarters, subordinate unit staffs, the
combat and combat support arms and services, the headquarters of coordinating
elements, and adjacents;
organize and maintain continuous interaction and prepare documents on
coordination, such as the plan and table for interaction;
plan the organization and deployment of command posts and their relocation
during the course of the operation;
plan (with the chief of signal troops) the organization of signal
communications and designation of the troop control signals;
prepare the combat documents on troop control.
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DUTIES OF THE OPERATIONS SECTION'S ASSISTANTS
direct combat operations;
collect and process information on friendly and enemy forces;
coordinate the exchange of information up and down;
organize reconnaissance including the commander's reconnaissance;
prepare combat plans;
plan the details of the battle;
traffic control;
camouflage;
antitank, chemical, and other operations;
plan the defense of the headquarters;
coordinate the activities of the arms and services;
select the location of the control points.
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DUTIES FULFILLED BY THE CHIEF OF RECONNAISSANCE
Organize, plan, conduct, and inspect measures for maintenance of a high
level of combat readiness of reconnaissance forces.
Organize, plan, conduct, and inspect special preparation (training in
reconnaissance), operational preparation, and political training, of
reconnaissance staffs, division reconnaissance units, and reconnaissance
elements of subordinate units.
Prepare calculations on personnel manning, weapons, military equipment, and
capabilities of reconnaissance forces and means to perform their missions.
Collect, study, analyze, and derive deductions of reconnaissance information
about the enemy and terrain and present the important information to the
commander, chief of staff, and chiefs of arms, services, and combat support. In
this he is especially interested in the enemy concept of operations and
possible intentions as well as enemy capabilities. He insures the timely
transmission of information on the enemy to the higher staff, adjacent units,
and subordinates.
Derive the aims and tasks of reconnaissance and the allocation of required
troops and reconnaissance means to accomplish these from the instructions given
by the commander and chief of staff. He designates targets and missions for the
reconnaissance forces and means to fulfill the assigned missions.
Prepare the reconnaissance plan and issue missions to the reconnaissance
section staff in response to the decision and orders of the commander and chief
of staff. The reconnaissance plan is signed by the chief of staff and approved
by the commander.
Distribute reconnaissance forces and means of all types and coordinate all
efforts of different reconnaissance means in terms of targets, times, and their
missions and objectives.
Issue instructions and tasks to division reconnaissance units and instructions
on reconnaissance to the staffs of subordinate units.
Prepare reconnaissance units and subunits to fulfill their missions.
Insure all-around combat support for reconnaissance forces.
Inspect the execution of assigned instructions and orders given to subordinates
and chiefs of reconnaissance of subordinate units and provide practical
assistance to staffs and commanders of units and sub-units to accomplish
reconnaissance missions.
Organize troop control including continuous, reliable, and secret
communications with units and subunits (groups) assigned to combat
reconnaissance and also with the chiefs of reconnaissance in headquarters of
subordinate units.
Insure reception of reconnaissance reports from aircraft and space means and
other organs of higher headquarters as well as adjacents and subordinate
forces.
Organize plan, conduct, and inspect actions about the protection of
reconnaissance units, subunits, and groups against mass-destruction weapons.
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DUTIES OF THE RECONNAISSANCE SECTION
obtain and study information on the enemy, terrain, population, and
weather;
organize the means to obtain this intelligence;
prepare periodic reports;
organize coded signals between reconnaissance units and staffs at each echelon;
supply reconnaissance information to other staff and units;
organize the staff work of subordinate staffs;
study enemy tactics and equipment and keep a record of enemy combat strength.
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DUTIES PERFORMED BY THE DIVISION CHIEF OF ROCKET TROOPS AND ARTILLERY
Organize, plan, conduct, and inspect measures for achieving higher levels
of combat and operational preparation of the division artillery forces.
Organize, plan, conduct, and inspect special operational, combat, and political
training of the forces and staff of the rocket troops and artillery of the
division and of subordinate units.
Prepare combat calculations on the employment of artillery during the
commander's decision making process. He suggests combat employment of rocket
troops and artillery.
Know the manning level, situation, conditions, and combat capability of the
units and subunits of rockets and artillery. He reports on the situation and
combat use of these units during the decision process.
In response to the division commander's decision and the instructions from
higher staff on artillery, organize the actions and plan the combat use and
activities of the RT&A.
Issues combat missions and combat instructions to the RT&A troops of the
division and to the RT&A staffs of the subordinate units.
Organize and plan the grouping of the artillery forces and their preparation of
FUP areas. He also insures preparation of firing positions for rockets and
artillery units with the objective of providing cover and concealment for the
artillery, while they are providing artillery cover and support for the forces
on the main attack axis.
Insure preparation of rocket troops and artillery for accomplishment of their
assigned missions.
Plan and conduct all-around combat support measures in the interest of
RT&A.
Provide constant support and assistance for the division forces with various
kinds of ammunition, artillery supplies, weapons, and rockets. He creates
supply dumps for artillery combat supplies filled to the designated norms at
all levels and then insures transport of ammunition and artillery supplies to
the forces during the operation.
Organize interaction of rocket troops and artillery with other division
elements and the forces of the army operating in the division area during the
conduct of the battle, especially in accomplishment of the most important
missions.
Constantly inspect the accomplishment of orders and instructions by subordinate
forces.
Renders necessary assistance to division RT&A forces and to subordinate
formations and units.
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DUTIES PERFORMED BY THE DIVISION CHIEF OF AIR DEFENSE
organize, plan, conduct, and inspect the high combat readiness of the PVO
forces with the aim of covering the division forces and rear service targets
from enemy air strikes;
organize, plan, conduct, and inspect the special, operational, combat, and
political training of the air defense forces and staffs and of PVO units and
subunits of the subordinate units;
prepare calculations and recommendations on the combat employment of air
defense forces during the commander's decision making and during the
forthcoming combat;
know the situation, status, manning level, and combat capabilities of the units
of air defense at any time and stage of the battle and give his suggestions on
their combat employment to the division commander;
in accordance with the division commander's decision organize the combat
actions of the air defense forces and prepare the plan of their combat actions
during the battle;
issue combat decisions and instructions to division air defense forces and to
the staffs of the subordinate units;
accomplish the regrouping of the air defense forces, prepare them for the
battle, maintain their constant combat readiness for repelling the enemy's air
strikes, create the system of air defense reconnaissance, and establish a
reliable fire system of air defense;
organize uninterrupted technical preparation of the guided rockets (rockets) of
air defense before and during the course of the battle;
organize all-around combat support measures of the PVO forces during the
preparation and during the course of the battle;
organizes interaction between units and sub-units of air defense of the
division and fighter aviation of the front and the PVO means of the
army and PVO of the front and adjacents;
organize and control the establishing of the air defense center for combat
control - reconnaissance and notification - the center for signal
communications and organization of reliable and constant communications;
perform reliable and constant inspection of the execution of instructions and
directives that have been issued to the forces and provide necessary assistance
to subordinate air defense units and their staffs.
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DUTIES FULFILLED BY THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS
organize, plan, conduct, and inspect high combat readiness and operational
preparedness of the engineer forces of the division and the engineer sub-units
of the units and their staffs for fulfilling support of the forces of the
division during battle;
organize, plan, conduct, and inspect the special, operational, combat, and
political training of the engineer forces of the division and of the units and
their staffs;
prepare combat calculations in support of the commander's decision and for the
combat employment of the engineer forces;
know the situation, composition, combat capability, and manning level of the
units and sub-units of engineer forces;
prepare and give his recommendations on the combat employment of engineer
forces to the division commander, during the commander's decision making
process;
in accordance with the division commander's decision and orders and the
instructions received from the senior headquarters staff, organize the combat
employment and the planning for the engineer forces;
conducts the grouping and deployment of the engineer forces during the
preparation phase and according to mission during the conduct of the battle;
prepare, issue, and transmit combat orders (missions) to the division engineer
forces and instructions on the use of engineers to the staffs of subordinate
units;
organize and conduct engineer reconnaissance of the enemy and terrain during
the preparation phase and during the course of the battle and organize the
interaction of engineer reconnaissance with general reconnaissance;
provide engineer support for preparation of FUP areas for the first-echelon
units and for the covering forces on the border and of deployment areas for the
second-echelon units and reserves;
prepare positions for the rocket troops and artillery and the PVO forces;
take engineer measures on blocking enemy surprise attacks during the
preparation phase and during the course of the battle;
prepare movement routes for the relocation and maneuver of the second-echelon,
rocket troops, PVO forces, and command posts;
prepare engineer construction (fortification) of deployment areas, and division
command posts during the preparation phase and during the course of the battle;
in accordance with the division plan participate in the planning for tactical
maskirovka and in taking measures to accomplish it;
participate in planning and support for the defense of forces and rear service
installations against enemy use of mass-destruction weapons and in the
liquidation of the results of their use and the restoration of the combat
capability (effectiveness) of the forces, rear services, and staffs, during the
preparation phase and course of the battle.
provide engineer support for the movement and deployment of division forces in
the enemy covering force area, support for the breaching of enemy obstacles and
mine fields during breakthrough of his prepared defenses, and support for the
development of the attack of first-echelon units;
provide engineer support for division forces during the forcing of water
obstacles;
provide engineer support for the movement and commitment into the engagement of
the division second-echelon forces;
prepare engineer forces for the fulfillment of all combat missions;
plan and conduct all-around combat support for the engineer forces;
provide support of division forces during the preparation phase and the course
of the battle by engineer forces and means, weapons, and technical equipment
and establish the proper reserves of engineer materials up to the prescribed
norms;
organize interaction of engineer forces with other forces and elements of the
division during the fulfillment of the most important missions;
organize troop control and create reliable and constant signal communications
with the engineer forces and other interaction;
conduct constant, reliable inspection elements of the combat formation of the
division with whom they have organized of the fulfillment of all orders and
instructions that are sent to subordinates and render them assistance to
fulfill their missions.
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DUTIES FULFILLED BY THE DIVISION CHIEF OF CHEMICAL TROOPS
organize, plan, conduct, and inspect the high combat readiness and
operational preparedness of the chemical forces of the division and the
chemical sub-units of the units and their staffs for fulfilling support of the
forces of the division for battle;
organize, plan, conduct, and inspect the special, operational, combat, and
political training of the chemical forces of the division and of the units and
their staffs;
prepare combat calculations in support of the commander's decision and for the
combat employment of the chemical forces;
know the situation, composition, combat capability, and manning level of the
units, and sub-units of chemical forces;
prepare and give his recommendations on the combat employment of chemical
forces to the division commander, during the commander's decision making
process;
in accordance with the division commander's decision and orders and the
instructions received from the senior headquarters staff, organize the combat
employment and the planning for the chemical forces;
conduct the grouping and deployment of the chemical troops during the
preparation phase and, according to the mission, during the conduct of the
battle;
prepare, issue, and transmit combat orders (missions) to the division chemical
forces and instructions on chemical support to the staffs of subordinate units;
organize and conduct radiation and chemical reconnaissance and participate in
bacteriological reconnaissance during the preparation phase and during the
course of the battle and organize the interaction of chemical reconnaissance
with general reconnaissance;
prepare the area for deployment of the division chemical forces with engineer
construction (fortification) and insure their cover and maskirovka;
prepare his forces for the fulfillment of combat missions;
organize and conduct special and field cleaning of personnel (decontamination);
organize and conduct disinfection, and decontamination of weapons, equipment,
material means, locations, roads, and other items as required;
monitor the level of radioactive and chemical contamination of personnel and
combat equipment, weapons, locations, supplies, and installations;
inspect for changes in the level of contamination and conduct analysis of the
radiation and chemical situation.
control the preparation and employment of chemical weapons, bacteriological
weapons, smoke means, and fire weapons;
participate in interaction with the operations section, engineer section, and
other responsible chiefs of arms and services and the rear staff in organizing
and planning for the protection of division forces and rear installations
against the enemy use of mass-destruction weapons and plan for the restoration
of combat effectiveness and liquidation of the results of such enemy employment
of mass weapons;
plan for the all-around combat support of chemical forces;
provide constant support for chemical forces and for units of all arms and
services and special services and rear installations of the division with
various chemical weapons, supplies, chemical protective gear, ammunition, and
chemical technical means;
establish chemical supply depots to the required stockage norms;
organize interaction with other arms and services of the division combat
structure during the fulfillment of the most important division missions;
organize troop control and establish constant, reliable signal communications
with subordinate chemical units and other elements of the division tactical
order with whom the chemical forces interact;
monitor the fulfillment of orders and instructions issued to subordinate forces
and renders assistance.
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DUTIES FULFILLED BY THE DIVISION CHIEF OF SIGNAL TROOPS
organize, plan, conduct, and inspect high combat readiness and operational
preparedness of the signal forces of the division and the signal sub-units of
the units and their staffs for fulfilling support of the forces of the division
for battle;
organize, plan, conduct, and inspect the special, operational, combat, and
political training of the signal forces of the division and of the units and
their staffs;
prepare combat calculations in support of the commander's decision and for the
combat employment of the signal troops;
know the situation, composition, combat capability, and manning level of the
units, and sub-units of signal forces;
prepare and give his recommendations on the combat employment of signal forces
for the creation of reliable and constant communications to the division
commander;
in accordance with the division commander's decision and orders of the chief of
staff and the instructions received from the senior headquarters staff,
organize the combat employment and the planning for the signal forces;
organize timely, reliable, uninterrupted, and secret communications with
forces, staffs, control organs, and subordinate staffs and adjacents;
plan signal communications in peacetime and during the preparation phase and
course of the battle;
conduct the grouping and deployment of the signal forces during the preparation
phase and according to mission during the conduct of the battle;
prepare, issue, and transmit combat orders (missions) to the division signal
forces and instructions on signal matters to the staffs of subordinate units;
prepare his forces for the fulfillment of combat missions in providing reliable
and uninterrupted signal communications during the preparation phase and the
course of the battle;
send in a timely manner the signals and commands for raising the forces to
various higher levels of combat readiness;
send the warning signals (alerts) on the enemy's preparations to employ nuclear
strikes;
send the signal ordering the rocket troops to fire their nuclear strike;
provide support with reliable and uninterrupted signal communications for the
commander, chief of staff, and troop control organs with the commanders and
staffs of subordinate forces starting from the first combat alert signal to the
fulfillment of the subsequent mission (i.e. all the time).
provide signal support for interaction with division forces and units of all
arms and services, elements of the division combat order, second-echelons,
reserves, and interacting forces of the army which are operating in the
division area and with adjacents;
provide support by sending warning signals, data, and commands on the air
situation, radiological, chemical, and bacteriological contamination, and
meteorological situation in a timely manner;
provide signal support to the rear services with communications between rear
service units and installations and the rear of subordinate units;
provide reliable and uninterrupted signal support establish the main and
alternate signal centers and organize radio, radio-relay, and telephone nets
and directions;
provide mobile signal (courier) service on directions and circular routes
between the command posts and other points;
plan and conduct all-around combat support of the signal forces themselves;
organize and conduct replenishment and supply of signal means and their timely
repair;
monitor fulfillment of orders and instructions sent to subordinates and their
constant control in observation of secrecy of troop control;
offer assistance to subordinates.
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DUTIES OF THE DIVISION DEPUTY COMMANDER FOR ARMAMENT AND TECHNICAL MATTERS
participate in the development of the combat and political training plan
and the division mobilization plan, and organize their fulfillment within his
specialty;
direct the combat and political training of the units and subunits subordinated
to him and the technical training of all personnel in the division, to conduct
lessons with the division officers and warrant officers with the purpose of
studying armament, combat and other equipment, instruments, rockets and
ammunition, and the rules of their use;
organize use of armament and of combat and other equipment; draw up the plans
of scheduled repairs and technical maintenance, repair and evacuation of
armament, combat, armored, motor vehicle and other equipment and instruments;
insure its prompt and high-quality fulfillment in the units and sub-units,
insuring constant technical serviceability of the material; inspect armament,
armored and motor vehicles, and other combat equipment not less than once every
three months;
systematically test the personnel's knowledge of the rules of operating,
repairing, servicing, evacuating, and preserving armament, armored and motor
vehicle equipment, combat and other equipment and instruments;
maintain an awareness of the work, political, and moral qualities of officers,
warrant officers and sergeants in units and services immediately subordinated
to him;
manage the work of setting up motor pools, the tank practice range and the
motor vehicle driving range; implement measures for servicing, preserving, and
improving the technical training base; organize and monitor the conduct of
internal services in the motor pools;
implement measures for raising the class qualification of division officers,
warrant officers, and driver-mechanics;
monitor the correctness of the use of fuel, lubricants, and special fluids;
develop and implement measures for preventing disasters, accidents, breakdowns,
and other incidents with armament, armored and motor vehicle, combat, and other
equipment, and reveal and study their causes; implement measures for insuring
safety when preparing and operating armament and combat and other equipment,
and implement fire protection measures.
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DUTIES FULFILLED BY THE DIVISION DEPUTY COMMANDER FOR REAR SERVICES
organize, plan, conduct and inspect high combat readiness and mobilization
preparedness of the units and institutions of the rear services for fulfilling
support of the forces of the division for combat actions;
organize, plan, conduct, and inspect the special, operational, combat, and
political training of the rear services staffs, units, and installations;
prepare recommendations on rear services support during the commander's
decision making process;
prepare and conduct calculations for accomplishment of rear service support for
the battle;
organize, make the decision, and plan rear service support;
prepare the operational order on rear services and instructions on rear service
and insure their timely issue to the units and installations of the rear
services and the staffs of subordinate units;
support division forces with all types of material supplies and creates supply
dumps of materials filled to the approved norms at all levels of preparation
and combat;
provide uninterrupted transport of supplies to the combat forces;
prepare lines of communication for supply, evacuation, and support of the
reliable movement of transport on these roads and organize the commandant's
service on the designated division roads;
render assistance to wounded and sick, their evacuation from the battlefield,
their medical treatment in the division medical battalion, and their evacuation
to the hospital bases and provide antiepidemic and sanitary measures with the
aim of limiting the spread of epidemics in the forces;
organize security, protection, and defense of division rear area depots and
installations as well as the complete operational activity in the rear area of
the division so that all will be in order;
organize veterinary support and quartering service and also exploitation of
local supplies and captured materials;
conduct maneuver and movement of the division mobile material support
battalion, supplies of materials, transport means, units, and installations of
the division rear, units for evacuation and repair, medical units, and others
in a timely manner in accordance with the movement (advance) of the division;
organize establishment of the rear control post and its high quality operation,
movement, defense, security, and protection in the FUP area and during the
operation;
establish reliable communications with units and installations of the rear
service and rear control posts of the subordinate units;
insure timely preparation and issuing of periodic reports on rear service
status and activities and data on the situation to higher headquarters;
monitor the fulfillment of issued directives and instructions on rear services
and render required assistance to subordinate units and sub-units.
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ITEMS INCLUDED IN COMMAND AND STAFF PROCEDURE WHILE CONTROLLING TROOPS
DURING BATTLE
collecting an processing information on the situation;
making and formulating the decision of the division commander and planning
combat actions;
conveying the combat missions to subordinates;
organizing interaction (coordination);
organizing all types of combat support measures;
monitoring combat preparation and conduct and fulfillment of assigned missions.
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DATA INCLUDED IN THE COMMANDER'S DECISION DURING COMBAT ACTIONS OF THE
TROOPS
composition, grouping, combat capability, and character of enemy actions;
status, condition, situation, supply level, and nature of activities of
friendly troops;
position and character of actions of adjacent units;
epidemiological and hygienic conditions of the area of combat actions;
terrain and meteorological conditions in the area of combat actions;
economic conditions of the area of combat action and the social and political
make-up of the population and its frame of mind.
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ITEMS WHICH REQUIRE SPECIAL ATTENTION WHEN COLLECTING INFORMATION
nuclear and chemical weapons;
elements of high precision weapons systems;
actions of aviation and other highly mobile attack weapons possessed by the
enemy;
radio active and chemical contamination of the terrain.
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SOURCES FROM WHICH THE COMMANDER AND STAFF ACQUIRE INFORMATION
all types of reconnaissance;
commanders and staff of subordinate and interacting troops;
adjacent units and large units;
superior headquarters;
chiefs of arms and services;
other sources.
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METHODS FOR GATHERING INFORMATION ABOUT THE SITUATION
listening carefully to reports and studying situation reports from
subordinates;
listening carefully to reports from the chiefs of arms and services;
studying information acquired from superior headquarters and adjacents;
personal observation by the commander and his staff on the battlefield;
interrogation of prisoners, defectors, and inhabitants and studying documents
captured from the enemy.
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INFORMATION WHICH IS REPORTED IMMEDIATELY
information on enemy preparation for attack; and areas where enemy's
nuclear and chemical weapons, and his high precision weapons, air force,
and other highly mobile attack means are deployed;
appearance of the enemy in places where he had not been previously seen;
drastic changes in the status and character of action of friendly troops;
decisions taken in the course of combat actions by the commanders of
subordinate units on their own initiative;
cases of a rupture in coordination and communication with the troops, deadlines
for resupply;
radical changes in the situation in the area of operation of adjacent units.
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ELEMENTS WHICH MUST BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT WHEN THE DIVISION COMMANDER AND
THE CONTROL ORGANS MAKE THE DECISION FOR THE BATTLE
preparedness and work experience;
situation conditions and especially availability of time for making the
decision and newness of situation data;
composition of persons (staff) called upon for preparation of data, analysis,
and evaluation of possible versions of the decision;
distributing functions among staff in the process of preparing the decision
data and the order of their working;
composition of equipment involved and the methods of using them for analyzing
and assessing the situation, working up and evaluating possible variations of
the concept of the battle and the decision in general;
procedure for formulating the decision and disseminating it to those who will
execute it.
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REQUIREMENTS OF THE DIVISION COMMANDER WHEN MAKING DECISIONS FOR BATTLE
UNDER VARIED CONDITIONS
get a clear understanding of the aim and missions of the battle;
do a comprehensive and objective assessment of the situation;
have a creative approach toward formulating the concept of the battle, defining
the missions of the troops, the fundamentals of their interaction, and support
and control.
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COMPONENTS IN THE WORK METHOD REGARDING THE ADOPTION OF A DECISION
preparation of initial data (commander and staff);
formulation of the decision (commander).
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SEQUENCE FOR THE DIVISION COMMANDER'S AND STAFF'S WORK ON THE DECISION
clarifying the mission;
estimating the situation;
evaluating terrain on the ground (if time permits);
determining the possible variations of the decision and their evaluation;
formulating the decision.
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ITEMS THE DIVISION COMMANDER MUST DEFINE DURING THE CLARIFICATION OF THE
MISSION
the intention and concept of the operation of the army commander: what he
wishes to achieve in the operation and how his intentions will be implemented;
in what way the division by its own actions has an influence on whether or not
the aim of the operation is attained;
role and place of the division in the mission carried out by the army;
missions of adjacent and interacting units and large units and the method of
interaction with them.
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INITIAL DATA NEEDED TO MAKE AN ESTIMATE OF THE TIME REQUIRED
time the mission is received;
period spent in preparing troops for combat action;
time when the decision of the division commander is to be reported to the
senior commander.
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MEASURES FOR WHICH TIME IS SPECIFIED WHEN THE COMMANDER ESTIMATES THE TIME
NEEDED
estimate of the situation (including the time to listen to the reports of
the staff and chiefs of arms and services when necessary);
conduct of ground reconnaissance (evaluation);
time to formulate the decision;
time to assign missions to subordinates;
time for organizing interaction (coordination);
time to issue instructions on combat support measures;
monitoring the preparation of the troops.
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INSTRUCTIONS THE CHIEF OF STAFF ISSUES TO THE STAFF REGARDING THE
PREPARATION OF REQUIRED INFORMATION AND CALCULATIONS TO HELP THE COMMANDER MAKE
HIS DECISION
volume, deadlines, and methods for obtaining situation data from various
sources;
those responsible for collecting each type of information and the procedure for
its processing, analysis, and display at operating positions;
when, who, and in what form, reports on situation data with conclusions and
suggestions to the commander.
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FACTORS INCLUDED IN THE DIVISION COMMANDER'S ESTIMATE OF THE SITUATION
enemy;
own troops;
adjacent forces;
the area of combat action and the time:
- terrain;
- economic factors;
- socio-political conditions;
- population;
- climate;
- etc.
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ITEMS ANALYZED AND EVALUATED WHEN ASSESSING
enemy's composition, grouping, and combat formation;
status, conditions, combat readiness, and fighting capabilities of the enemy,
and supply situation;
enemy's capability to use nuclear and chemical weapons and high precision
weapons;
the degree of protection and stability of enemy troops and installations
against the use of various weapons;
nature of enemy activities;
other information about the enemy.
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DEDUCTIONS DERIVED ON THE BASIS OF THE ASSESSMENT OF THE ENEMY
enemy strong and weak points;
density of enemy forces and means per kilometer of front across the
entire area of the division's combat action and on different directions;
possible intention of the enemy and his likely actions;
most important targets in the enemy's area the seizure (hitting) of which will
determine the success of the battle;
sequence and method for destroying the enemy.
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CATEGORIES CORRELATED AT THE DIVISION LEVEL
motorized rifle battalions;
artillery pieces and mortars;
tanks;
infantry fighting vehicles and APCs;
antitank weapons;
combat helicopters;
air defense means.
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ITEMS DETERMINED BY THE DIVISION COMMANDER AS A RESULT OF HIS ASSESSMENT OF
THE CAPABILITIES, SITUATION, AND STATUS OF OWN TROOPS
the method of employment of own troops in the battle;
the place of different elements in the division's combat formation;
combat missions (contents) of units and subunits;
distribution of forces and means;
main questions of regroupment, interaction, and combat supporting measures.
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TERRAIN FACTORS INCLUDED IN THE TERRAIN ASSESSMENT
general relief of the terrain;
level of terrain ruggedness;
condition of the ground;
availability and condition of roads;
nature of vegetation, cover, and concealment;
presence of population centers, rivers, natural obstacles, and other local
features.
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ITEMS DETERMINED BY THE DIVISION COMMANDER AS A RESULT OF THE ASSESSMENT OF
THE TERRAIN
most advantageous directions to conduct combat actions and for using the
capabilities of friendly troops;
conditions for observing and delivering fire, for maskirovka, for
terrain orientation and passability;
protective properties of the terrain;
based upon the assessment of the terrain, along with the deduction from the
assessment of enemy and friendly troops, the division commander specifies the
direction of the main attack or the area of concentration of the main effort,
the lines most favorable for deploying the troops, combat missions of the
troops, commitment of second-echelon and reserves, interaction, and measures
for supporting combat actions.
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ITEMS, IN ADDITION TO THE TERRAIN, WHICH ARE ANALYZED AND EVALUATED IN THE
ASSESSMENT OF THE AREA OF COMBAT ACTION
radiation and chemical situation;
economic conditions;
socio-political conditions;
hydrometeorological and climatic (weather) conditions, time of day, and the
year;
radio-electronic warfare conditions.
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METHODS FOR WHICH DATA ON EACH OF THE SITUATION ELEMENTS DISCUSSED ABOVE
ARE OBTAINED AND PROCESSED BY THE APPROPRIATE CONTROL ORGANS
assessing the situation according to its elements;
assessing the situation according to the elements of the decision.
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ITEMS EVALUATED WHEN THE METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE SITUATION ACCORDING TO
ITS ELEMENTS IS USED
the enemy;
own troops;
adjacents;
terrain;
the area of combat action (radiation and chemical condition, economic,
political, meteorological situation, etc.).
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SPECIFIC FACTORS FOR DETERMINING AND FORMULATING EACH ELEMENT OF THE
DECISION IF TIME TO PREPARE FOR BATTLE IS LIMITED AND IF THE COMMANDER MUST
ADOPT OR UPDATE HIS DECISION DURING A BATTLE
concept of the battle;
missions of the troops;
organizing interaction;
combat support measures;
troop control.
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ISSUES DETERMINED AS A RESULT OF COMPARING THE CAPABILITIES OF ENEMY AND
FRIENDLY TROOPS
the main enemy targets which must be hit and the sequence of their
destruction;
the direction of the main attack;
the combat formation;
other issues.
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ELEMENTS INCLUDED IN THE PLAN WHICH THE OPERATION SECTION OF THE DIVISION
STAFF PREPARES FOR EVALUATING THE TERRAIN ON THE BASIS OF THE INSTRUCTIONS FROM
THE DIVISION COMMANDER AND THE CHIEF OF STAFF
number of points to visit, composition of the team at each point, time
spent at each point, questions to study, people to meet at each point, and
travel routes between points;
time to begin, time to move from one point to another, and time to finish;
vehicles used and equipment of team members;
security at each point;
communication during the process;
other necessary issues.
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DATA PROVIDED BY THE STAFF AND THE CHIEFS OF ARMS AND SERVICES DURING THE
ASSESSMENT OF THE SITUATION FOR THE COMMANDER
missions conducted by the higher echelon's means in their related fields
during the division's battle and tasks assigned by the higher echelon to
division in their related fields (artillery, engineer, air defense, etc.) on
the basis of instructions received from higher echelons;
the situation, status, and combat capabilities of their related arms and
services;
information about specific enemy situations in the areas related to their arms
and services;
suggestions about the combat employment of their related arms and services to
accomplish missions assigned to the division.
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THREE LEVELS OF STAFF PARTICIPATION IN THE ASSESSMENT OF THE SITUATION AND
FORMULATION OF THE DECISION BY THE DIVISION COMMANDER
All work on preparing the decision is accomplished by the commander
himself. He may call on a limited number of control organ officers. Some issues
of the decision are worked out by the commander himself, others jointly with
the staff. This method is very common during the conduct of combat actions and
when secrecy of preparation for the battle is of prime significance.
When time is limited but the situation does not change substantially, the
division commander may make his decision by listening to brief summaries from
the chiefs of arms and services and special troops and proposals from the chief
of staff on the decision. In this case the method of concurrent work is used,
in which making the decision, beginning with assessment of the situation and
specifying the concept of the battle, is accomplished simultaneously with the
issuance of preliminary instructions to subordinate troops. These instructions
contain the minimum amount of data necessary to enable subordinate commanders
and staffs to begin working up as decision and planning their own actions. At
the same time the division commanders and staffs continue working on the
decision, determining the specific missions for subordinate units (subunits),
interaction, combat support measures, and troop control.
When there is enough time, the division commander studies all the materials on
the estimate of the situation which were prepared beforehand by the staff. He
also studies proposals on possible variations of the decision even before
receipt of the directive of the senior commander for preparing the battle. If
this is not possible, then this data is reported to the division commander by
the chiefs of staff sections and the chiefs of arms and services in the course
of assessing the situation and determining the concept of the battle and
missions for the troops (formats of such suggestions are attached).
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CONTENT OF THE DIVISION COMMANDER'S DECISION
I. Concept of action:
the method and sequence of destruction of the enemy;
the use of means of destruction;
the direction of the main effort;
the combat formation (defense layout) of the division;
the character of maneuver.
II. Combat missions of subordinate, attached, and supporting units (subunits)
and the distribution of forces and means among them.
III. The main issues and procedures of interaction.
IV. The main issues of combat supporting measures.
V. Troop control.
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POINTS MARKED ON THE MAP WHEN THE DECISION IS INITIALLY FORMULATED
position of subordinate troops right before they receive the combat
mission (initial position);
latest information on the enemy;
missions assigned to the division;
area of division's combat action;
location and missions of immediate adjacents and troops fighting forward
boundary lines with adjacents;
necessary data from the decision of the senior commander;
the procedure for using artillery, reserves, and other forces and means in the
division's area of action;
other data on the situation.
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ITEMS MARKED ON THE MAP WHILE THE DECISION IS BEING MADE
the grouping of forces and means to be established;
missions of subordinate units and boundary lines between them;
the position areas and missions of artillery and air defense and their
relocation during the battle;
main issues of interaction of the troops;
the control points (command posts, forward command posts, rear control points)
and their relocation during the conduct of combat actions.
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FACTORS WHICH, IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES, IMPOSE HIGH REQUIREMENTS FOR
ELABORATE AND ADVANCED PLANNING
participation in modern battles by large units and units of various
services of the armed forces, different arms and services and special troops
equipped with a variety of weapons and combat equipment having high speed and
great destructive power;
high dynamism of combat actions and likelihood of severe and sudden changes in
the situation;
large expenditures of material and diverse types of support.
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MEASURES TAKEN IN ADVANCE WHICH RELATE TO PLANNING
preparing the map of the plan and coding the map;
marking initial data on the map such as the enemy situation, boundaries of the
division combat action area, it's missions and tasks conducted by forces and
means of higher echelon, adjacents, and other information;
initial calculations regarding the combat capabilities of opposing sides, time
of arrival and deployment of opposing forces, etc.
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INITIAL DATA INCLUDED WHEN PLANNING THE DIVISION'S BATTLE PLAN
operation order of the army commander;
decision of the division commander for the battle and his instructions on
planning;
instructions of higher command on employment of combat arms and services and
special troops;
information on all elements of the situation.In order to achieve optimum
planning of the division's combat action the following measures must be
conducted:
gathering data on the situation and insuring maximum objectivity in its
assessment;
determining and analyzing possible variations of the groupings of forces and
means and concepts of enemy's actions at the beginning and during the conduct
of combat action;
developing on the basis of the above mentioned the most advantageous combat
formation of own troops and methods for destroying the enemy to accomplish each
of the assigned missions in the battle;
determining the forces and means for all types of support for division's combat
actions and establishing the methods of interaction and measures to insure
troop control effectiveness.
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ENEMY FORCES
calculating the time required for the deployment of enemy's main grouping
on different directions (calculating time and space);
calculating the enemy's combat power and density of forces and means (in terms
of combined arms subunits, tanks, artillery pieces and mortars, antitank
weapons, air defense capability, and helicopters);
calculating the time and space for the enemy's reaction variants:
- maneuver of reserves and troops to support different directions;
- counterattacks on different directions;
- occupation of natural obstacle lines (rivers, passes, etc.);
- change of direction of action, etc.
calculating the likely rate of advance of the enemy, if it initiates the attack
on different directions, and the density of it's forces and means thereof;
calculating the time and space for likely commitment of enemy reserves and
second-echelon troops.
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FRIENDLY TROOPS
calculating the time required for establishing different variants of
groupings of forces and means on different directions;
calculating own forces combat power:
- combined arms - battalions;
- tanks;
- artillery and rocket troops;
- antitank;
- air defense;
- helicopters.
calculating the effectiveness of own assets against the enemy:
- antitank weapons versus enemy tanks;
- air defense means versus enemy aircraft, etc.
calculations related to the combat employment of different arms
(reconnaissance, artillery and rocket troops, air defense combat aircraft),
special troops (engineer, chemical, radio-electronic combat means) and
services. In such calculations the capabilities are matched against the tasks
and different variants of distribution of forces and means (efforts) to
missions, tasks, and targets are developed;
calculating the (time and space) of own troop's reaction variants (same as
mentioned for the enemy);
calculating the likely rate of advance in accordance with the forecast of the
enemy's reactions on different direction and therefore, determining lines of
commitment for reserves and second-echelon troops in order to maintain the
momentum of advance;
calculating the supply requirements for different material means and
calculating the casualties and damaged equipment to determine the requirements
and deployment for medical and technical service elements;
other necessary calculations.
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ELEMENTS INCLUDES IN THE GRAPHIC PART OF THE DIVISION COMMANDER'S DECISION
MAP (PLAN)
enemy groupings of forces and means and the character of his likely
actions (to include elements of first-echelon divisions and corps reserves);
combat formation of the division in FUP area (in defense: the system of
positions and division belt);
divisions immediate and long-range missions, their contents, depths, time of
accomplishment, and speed of attack (in defense: missions to destroy the enemy
in front and in the depth of the defense);
direction of the main attack of the division and penetration sector in the
attack (areas of concentration of main efforts in the defense);
missions and targets of nuclear weapons planned by the front and army;
sectors of the attack (defensive positions) of first-echelon regiments, their
missions and times for accomplishing them, and boundaries between regiments;
area for the deployment (defensive position) of second-echelon troops and
reserves; their line and method of commitment in the attack (their line and
direction of counterattack and mission in defense);
composition, missions, areas, and times for landing tactical airborne and
seaborne assault troops during the battle;
positions and missions of artillery and rocket troops during the battle and the
direction of their relocation;
areas of deployment and principle missions for other combat arms special troop
and services during the battle;
air strikes planned by assets allocated to the divisions and missions of combat
helicopters;
deployment of control points for the division and regiments at the beginning of
the battle and their relocation during the operation;
area for deployment of the division's rear service;
boundaries with adjacent divisions (armies) and missions of immediate
adjacents.
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DETAILS INCLUDED IN THE WRITTEN INSTRUCTIONS ON THE MAP OF THE DIVISION
COMMANDER'S DECISION
assessing of the enemy, his capabilities, and intent;
combat composition of the division and its capabilities;
correlation of forces and means (in the entire sector of the division, through
the entire depth of the division's mission, as well as in the direction of the
penetration [main attack] of the division to the depth of the immediate
mission, and other variants as needed) (in defense: general correlation and
correlation of forces and means on likely direction of the enemy's attack, in
area of the main effort, and during the conduct of counterattack are shown);
distributing forces and means;
distributing supporting aviation and combat helicopter sorties among missions
and regiments;
availability, time of delivery and distribution of nuclear and special rounds,
conventional ammunition and material supplies;
method of conduct of artillery preparatory fire, supporting fire, and other
related instructions;
method for providing security for friendly troops during nuclear strikes;
warning signals;
availability, expenditure, and time of delivery of material means;
availability and maintenance state of combat vehicles.
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ITEMS INCLUDED IN THE ANNEXES TO THE MAP OF THE DIVISION COMMANDER'S
DECISION (PLAN)
plan for participating in the initial nuclear strike;
plan for preparing and occupying FUP areas for the attack (defensive area in
defense);
plan for tactical maskirovka;
plan for employment of tactical airborne assault troops;
plan for political work.
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PLANNING DOCUMENTS PREPARED BY THE OPERATION SECTION IN ADDITION TO THE
DIVISION COMMANDER'S MAP OF THE DECISION
plan for participating in the initial nuclear strike;
plan for preparing and occupying the FUP (defensive) area;
plan for tactical maskirovka;
plan for employing tactical airborne assault landings;
plan for establishing and relocating security and defense of control points;
plan for commandant services.
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MANNER IN WHICH A DECISION MADE OR RECONFIRMED BY THE DIVISION COMMANDER IS
CONVEYED TO THE SUBORDINATES
assigning or updating combat missions;
organizing and maintaining interaction;
organizing and implementing political measures;
providing comprehensive combat support and troop control.
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MAIN METHODS FOR ASSIGNING MISSIONS TO THE TROOPS
verbal;
assigning missions with the help of written documents (textual or in form of
graphics and tape recordings);
assigning missions by transmitting pre-designated signals and formalized
commands.
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ITEMS INDICATED IN THE DIVISION'S OPERATION ORDER AND THEIR SEQUENCE
I. a brief assessment of the grouping and activities of the enemy;
II. the combat mission of the division and the concept of the action;
III. the mission of immediate adjacents and boundary lines with them; tasks
conducted by means of higher echelons in the area of the division;
IV. this begins with "I order" - (missions of subordinates):
first-echelon units;
second-echelon units;
reserves;
rocket troops and artillery;
air defense;
aviation troops;
engineer;
etc.
V. troop control issues and signal;
VI. deputies.
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POINTS INDICATED IN COMBAT INSTRUCTIONS
a brief and concise information about the enemy;
the combat mission of the unit (subunit) to which the instructions are issued;
tasks executed in support (in the interest) of the unit (subunit) by the
division forces and means;
time to prepare for action.
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ITEMS WHICH INSURE INTERACTION IN BATTLE
a single understanding by subordinates of the goal of the combat action
(of combat missions);
knowledge of the combat tasks of our own troops and interacting (cooperating)
troops, and method of their execution;
a constant knowledge of the situation and anticipation of its possible changes;
an uninterrupted communication;
constant reciprocal (mutual) flow of information;
a uniform system of orientation;
knowledge and correct use of prearranged signals;
rendering mutual support and assistance in battle.
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CRUCIAL ELEMENTS IN THE CONTENT OF THE WORKING METHODS OF THE COMMANDER AND
HIS STAFF IN ORGANIZING INTERACTION
specific condition of the situation at the beginning and during the combat
action;
specific condition of the preparation for the battle and primarily the nature
of pending missions;
composition of forces and means participating in execution of assigned
missions;
the combat characteristics of weapons and combat equipment;
position and status of troops groupings;
time available for organizing the combat action.
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ITEMS REFLECTED IN THE PLAN MADE BY THE DIVISION STAFF WHICH SUPPORT THE
WORK OF THE DIVISION COMMANDER ON ORGANIZING INTERACTION
time and place for conducting measures;
who is involved;
who reports what;
who must prepare what material.
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ITEMS INDICATED IN THE PLAN IF INTERACTION IS ORGANIZED BY THE DIVISION
COMMANDER ON THE TERRAIN
time and place of working out questions of interaction;
who is involved in the work at each of the working points;
traffic routes and assigned transport;
communication organization;
security;
measures for insuring work security and so forth.
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ITEMS DETERMINED UPON THE ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE DIVISION COMMANDER'S DECISION
FOR BATTLE
which documents on interaction the staff is to formulate;
when to present them for review and approval;
what instructions to give to subordinate commanders and commanders of
interacting troops on the terrain, terrain mockups, and maps (diagrams).
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COMBAT SUPPORT MEASURES AT THE DIVISION
LEVEL
reconnaissance;
protection against mass-destruction weapons;
maskirovka;
radio-electronic combat;
topogeodetic support;
meteorological support;
engineer support;
chemical support;
rear service support;
security.
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ELEMENTS INVOLVED WHEN ORGANIZING ALL-AROUND SUPPORT FOR THE TROOPS' COMBAT
OPERATION
determining the tasks of each type of support;
composition of forces and means to be employed for carrying out supporting
measures;
assigning missions to the executing elements and determining the methods for
their completion.
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BASIS AND INITIAL DATA FOR ORGANIZING COMBAT SUPPORT
instructions of the higher command on each type of support;
the division commander's decision for the battle;
the division commander's instructions on combat support measures.
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ITEMS INCLUDED AT ALL TIMES IN THE DIVISION COMMANDER'S INSTRUCTIONS
tasks for each type of support;
forces and means allocated to each type of support;
the basic measures to be conducted for the accomplishment of these tasks;
the deadlines for having each type of support ready.
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MOST IMPORTANT MEASURES FOR ORGANIZING RECONNAISSANCE
defining the fundamental tasks and the aim of reconnaissance;
planning and dispatching tasks to executing elements;
coordinating efforts of all types and methods of reconnaissance;
preparing the reconnaissance forces and means to conduct the assigned missions;
monitoring the execution of instructions issued and giving practical assistance
to the staff and the troops in the execution of the tasks assigned to them;
gathering and processing reconnaissance data, reporting it to the commander and
the higher command and communicating it to subordinate (interacting) troops and
adjacents.
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POINTS SPECIFIED BY THE DIVISION COMMANDER IN ORGANIZING RECONNAISSANCE
what reconnaissance data is to be acquired and by what deadline;
where the main efforts of reconnaissance are to be concentrated and for the
execution of which tasks;
what forces and means are to be used for reconnaissance.
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ITEMS REFLECTED IN THE RECONNAISSANCE PLAN
the aim of reconnaissance;
the basic tasks of reconnaissance;
forces and means assigned to conduct reconnaissance and their distribution
according to the tasks;
the deadlines to accomplish tasks;
the procedure for submitting reconnaissance information;
reserves of reconnaissance forces and means;
etc.
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METHODS AND TYPES OF RECONNAISSANCE THE DIVISION CHIEF OF STAFF AND CHIEF
OF RECONNAISSANCE COORDINATE IN ORDER TO CONDUCT RECONNAISSANCE IN AN EFFECTIVE
WAY
combined arms reconnaissance: recce patrols and recce detachments,
observation post and combat recee patrols using the method of observation,
listening, interception, searches, ambushes, raids, and recce in force;
interrogating prisoners and defectors and debriefing the population; study of
documents, samples of weapons and equipment;
long-range spetznaz reconnaissance;
aerial reconnaissance (the division staff is obliged to organize reception of
data from aerial reconnaissance which is transmitted from piloted and pilotless
reconnaissance aircraft and supporting aviation aircraft;
radio and radio technical reconnaissance;
air defense radar reconnaissance;
artillery reconnaissance;
engineer reconnaissance;
radiation, chemical, and bacteriological reconnaissance.
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MEASURES TAKEN TO PROTECT AGAINST MASS- DESTRUCTION WEAPONS
promptly detecting the enemy's preparation for using such weapons;
forecasting of the areas of destruction, radioactive and chemical
contamination, demolitions, floods, and fires;
radiation, chemical, and bacteriological reconnaissance;
warning of the troops and rear area installations about radioactive, chemical,
and bacteriological contamination;
dispersion, camouflage, and periodic changing the areas of deployment of the
troops and rear service installations;
use of defensive properties of combat equipment, transport vehicles, and
terrain;
engineer preparation of the terrain;
supplying the troops with protective equipment and knowledge of its use;
selecting the most appropriate methods for passing through contaminated areas
and providing for the protection of the troops during their combat actions in
contaminated areas;
monitoring of decontamination of radiation and chemical decontamination of
personnel, equipment, ammunition, material, animals, and water;
medical and veterinary measures (antiepidemic, public health, and special
preventive measures);
eliminating the consequences of the enemy's employment of mass-destruction
weapons.
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AIMS OF FORECASTING AREAS OF DESTRUCTION
determine the possible losses of forces and means;
introduce the required changes in the grouping and action of the troops and the
rear area;
revise their missions;
generally determine the nature and volume of work involved in elimination of
the consequences of the enemy's use of mass-destruction weapons.
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ITEMS ESTABLISHED WHEN FORECASTING
boundaries of lethal areas of radioactive contamination and dispersion in
this area of levels (doses) of radiation;
areas of possible damage (floods and fires);
areas of contamination by toxic agents and time for their natural
decontamination;
direction and depth of scattering of contaminated air with dangerous
concentrations.
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FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE THE DEGREE OF DISPERSION
mission to be accomplished;
characteristics of the terrain;
engineer preparation of the terrain;
likely power of the enemy's mass-destruction weapons to be used;
troop control capabilities.
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COMMON METHODS OF PASSAGE
passage through areas with lower levels of contamination;
passage through contaminated area in protected vehicles (tanks, APCs,
helicopters, etc.);
passage after the level of contamination has relatively dropped;
bypassing the contaminated areas;
a combination of above.
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FACTORS DETERMINED BY MONITORING THE RADIATION LEVEL AND CHEMICAL
CONTAMINATION LEVEL OF PERSONNEL, COMBAT EQUIPMENT, MATERIAL MEANS, ANIMALS,
AND WATER
capability of the personnel to be active without individual means of
protection;
volume of work in decontaminating troops;
reliability of conducting decontamination.
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MEASURES USED IN ELIMINATING THE EFFECTS OF THE ENEMY'S USE OF
MASS-DESTRUCTION WEAPONS
reconnaissance of the centers of contamination by nuclear, chemical,
bacteriological, and high precision weapons;
rescue work and treatment-evacuation measures;
decontaminating the troops;
restoring routes and paths for maneuvering the troops and extinguishing and
localizing fires;
decontaminating material means and purifying water;
isolating and limiting measures and fighting against pathogenic agents in
centers of bacteriological contamination.
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IMPORTANT MEASURES DEFINED BY THE DIVISION COMMANDER WHEN ORGANIZING
PROTECTION AGAINST MASS-DESTRUCTION WEAPONS
the areas or lines along which the use of mass-destruction weapons of the
enemy is most probable;
the tasks of radiation and chemical reconnaissance, the deadlines for
conducting reconnaissance, and the forces and means allocated;
the procedure for dispersing units and subunits and the periodic changing of
areas where they are deployed;
the volume of work involved in engineer preparation of the terrain;
the deadline for conducting basic measures by the medical and veterinary
services;
measures for eliminating the consequences of enemy use of mass-destruction
weapons, etc.
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AIMS OF MASKIROVKA
conceal friendly troops from all types of enemy reconnaissance;
deceive the enemy about the grouping of forces and means, intentions and
actions of the friendly troops, and hamper the enemy in his selection of
targets for destruction by fire and air strikes;
insure undetected preparation and sudden delivery of attack by friendly forces.
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BASIC MEASURES OF MASKIROVKA
maintaining the secrecy of organizing and planning the combat action of
the division;
dispersed and covered positioning and movement of troops;
using camouflage properties of terrain, darkness, and other conditions of
limited visibility (fog, rain, etc.);
using organic and improvised means of concealment and painting equipment and
installations to match the color of the terrain;
signal security and deception;
light concealment and masking;
sound and acoustic masking;
radar camouflage;
engineer preparation of dummy (deceptive) locations of the troops and dummy
targets;
conducting deceptive movements and deceptive actions;
secrecy in conducting engineering work;
using smoke screens.
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MOST IMPORTANT REQUIREMENTS OF MASKIROVKA
aggressiveness (activeness);
credibility;
continuity;
diversity.
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PRINCIPLE METHODS OF MASKIROVKA
concealment;
simulation;
feints;
disinformation.
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POINTS THE DIVISION COMMANDER SPECIFIES WHEN
MASKIROVKA IS ORGANIZED
aims, tasks, and measures for maskirovka in the division;
forces and means to be employed, places and times for executing
maskirovka measures;
individuals who are responsible for the above measures;
procedures for monitoring maskirovka.
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ITEMS REFLECTED IN THE GRAPHIC PART OF THE PLAN
boundaries, groupings, and missions of the divisions;
areas for establishing deceptive concentration areas of the troops, command
posts, deceptive movements and time of their preparation (conduct);
forces and means participating in feints, their composition, area of
deployment, direction, and time of action and mission;
areas and time for using smoke screens and forces and means employed.
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POINTS SPECIFIED IN THE WRITTEN INSTRUCTIONS
the aim and mission of maskirovka;
forces and means allocated;
equipment used in maskirovka;
methods to conduct different measures;
responsible commanders.
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POINTS REFLECTED UNDER DIFFERENT COLUMNS IN TABLE FORM ON THE WRITTEN FORM
OF THE MASKIROVKA PLAN
measures to be conducted;
places for carrying out maskirovka measures;
times for conduct of measures;
responsible commanders;
forces and means to be employed;
reaction to the enemy's different actions regarding maskirovka.
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FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE THE COMPOSITION OF SECURITY ELEMENTS
the mission of the troops being protected;
time available to them (required) to deploy and commit to battle;
importance of the direction (area) of their combat action;
distance to the enemy and the characteristic of his actions;
terrain and observation conditions.
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MAIN DUTIES OF ENGINEER SUPPORT AT THE DIVISION LEVEL
engineer reconnaissance of the enemy and the terrain;
preparing and maintaining routes for troop movement;
breaching of obstacles and construction of crossings over water obstacles;
establishing engineer obstacles and conducting demolition work;
establishing fortifications;
conducting maskirovka work;
extracting and purifying water, constructing and maintaining water supply
points;
conducting engineer actions for the elimination of the consequences of the
enemy's use of mass-destruction weapons.
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ELEMENTS INCLUDED IN PREPARATION AND MAINTENANCE OF ROUTES FOR TRAVEL
repairing and restoring existing roads;
engineer preparation of new roads;
establishing column paths;
camouflage of the routes from enemy ground and aerial reconnaissance.
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ELEMENTS INCLUDED IN ENGINEER PREPARATION OF RIVER CROSSINGS
establishing column paths to the crossing sites from the main travel
routes of the troops;
mine clearing and removing of obstacles on approaches to water obstacles, river
banks and landing areas (embarkation), disembarkation (unloading) for landing
craft and ferries as well as in the areas of constructing bridges;
building of slopes into the water and departure for the shore;
assembling rafts, mounting piers and installing bridges;
clearing and marking of fords;
installing antimine artificial obstacles in the water at bridge crossings;
camouflaging crossings;
constructing shelters for personnel and equipment.
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WAYS IN WHICH FORTIFICATIONS REDUCE THE DEGREE OF INJURY TO PERSONNEL FROM
THE EFFECTS OF MASS-DESTRUCTION WEAPONS
foxholes, trenches, and cut and cover shelters reduce penetrating
radiation ten fold and decrease the radius of destruction by shock wave 1.5-2
times in comparison with a position on open terrain;
covered foxholes and trenches protect the personnel from contamination by
radioactive substances and chemical agents sufficiently liquid to form drops,
from thermal radiation and penetrating radiation;
shelters and dugouts with special engineer preparations reduce the radius of
destruction to personnel by shock wave three to five fold.
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POINTS DEFINED BY THE DIVISION COMMANDER ON ORGANIZATION OF ENGINEER
SUPPORT
most important tasks of engineer support;
forces and means employed;
deadlines for execution of engineer tasks;
subordinates responsible for their execution and the procedure for monitoring
the work.
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ELEMENTS INCLUDED IN THE GRAPHIC PART OF THE PLAN
principal tasks of engineer support during the preparation of the battle;
principal tasks of engineer support during the conduct of the battle;
areas and times of conduct of these missions and engineer troops assigned to
accomplish them;
areas of deployment of engineer troops in the initial situation (FUP areas) and
their movement during the conduct of the operation;
organizing support and supply of troops in terms of engineer equipment,
armament and material;
brief description of enemy forces and means and characteristics of his likely
actions;
combat formation of the division and regiments in FUP areas, the immediate and
long-range missions of the division, and the immediate and subsequent missions
of the regiments;
areas of breakthrough (main attack) of the enemy defense (forces);
line of commitment (counterattack) of the division's second-echelon into
battle;
command posts of the division in FUP areas and their relocation during the
battle;
division boundaries and boundaries between regiments;
likely assault river crossing sites during the conduct of the battle.
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POINTS REFLECTED IN THE WRITTEN INSTRUCTIONS OF THE DIVISION'S ENGINEER
SUPPORT PLAN
combat composition and groupings of the division's engineer troops and
distribution of engineer troops among regiments and elements of combat
formations, and their distribution in terms of combat missions and regroupment
of engineer troops during the battle;
availability and distribution of engineer armament and equipment in terms of
different missions and among the regiments;
composition of mobile obstacle detachments, movement support detachments, and
engineer reserves;
measures on protection of troops against the enemy's use of mass-destruction
weapons.
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ELEMENTS INCLUDED IN CHEMICAL SUPPORT
radiation and chemical reconnaissance;
bacteriological non-specific reconnaissance;
chemical and dosimetric monitoring;
special cleansing;
use of smoke masks and flamethrowers by chemical troops and other measures.
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SERIES OF MEASURES WHICH MAKE UP TECHNICAL SUPPORT
to promptly supply the troops with armament and equipment;
to provide ammunition and military technical equipment;
to maintain weapons and equipment in constant readiness for combat use;
to insure high effectiveness and trouble-free operation of the equipment in all
situations;
to restore damaged weapons and equipment.
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CATEGORIES INTO WHICH TECHNICAL SUPPORT IS SUBDIVIDED
artillery-technical support;
motor vehicle-technical support;
tank-technical support;
chemical-technical support;
signal-technical support;
rear-service technical support.
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PRINCIPLE MEASURES OF TECHNICAL SUPPORT
1. providing armament and equipment to the troops:
----- planned and conducted by the deputy commander for technical affairs and
armament of the division;
2. supplying ammunition and military technical material:
----- reserves of ammunition and technical material (spare parts, etc.) are
planned by related arms and services and held by personnel, combat vehicles,
armament, transportation of subunits (battalions) units (regiments) and
division material support battalion;
3. insuring technically correct operation of armament and equipment:
----- includes their preparation for use, their use, technical maintenance,
transportation, and storage. This is conducted by specially trained personnel
of units such as drivers, driver-mechanics (tank drivers), and crews and teams
with the help of specialists as required when preparing equipment for combat
use or during their technical maintenance, transportation, and storage.
4. timely evacuation and repair of weapons and equipment:
----- evacuation of damaged armament and equipment is conducted, as a rule, on
the instructions and with the resources of the higher level. Evacuation
includes towing, transporting, or leading incapacitated items of armament and
equipment to the nearest shelters, to evacuation routes and to repair or
loading points. It also includes loading the equipment onto transportation
vehicles, extricating stuck, buried, and sunken items and systems and righting
upset equipment plus the necessary preparatory work. Armament and equipment are
evacuated chiefly from areas under enemy fire, from areas where it may be
captured by the enemy and from areas of fire, floods, or contamination. The
importance of the given items to combat and the volume of the repair jobs are
accounted for when determining the priority of evacuation:
----- command and combat vehicles, rocket launchers and armament and equipment
requiring the least volume of repair are evacuated on first priority. Depending
upon the specific situation, the location of the defective weapon or vehicle,
and its technical condition a specific evacuation procedure is determined.
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TYPES OF TECHNICAL SERVICING ESTABLISHED FOR TANKS, DEPENDING ON THE NUMBER
OF KILOMETERS COVERED
a general inspection;
technical servicing no. 1;
technical servicing no. 2;
technical servicing no. 3.
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TYPES OF TECHNICAL SERVICING ESTABLISHED FOR MOTOR VEHICLES
General inspection before taking the vehicle out, conducted in 15-20 min.,
general inspection en route (short halts in march) takes 10-15 min.
Daily technical servicing conducted after each time the vehicle is brought back
to the motor pool regardless of the distance covered or after the vehicle has
run 100-150 km. A period of 1-1.5 hours is devoted to daily servicing.
Technical servicing no. 1 is performed usually after the vehicle has run
1,000-1,200 km. It takes up to three hours to conduct the service.
Technical service no. 2 is conducted after the vehicle has run 5,000-6,000 km.
The service takes eight hours.
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TYPES OF REPAIR ESTABLISHED DEPENDING ON THE NATURE AND DEGREE OF DAMAGE,
AND OF LABOR INTENSIVENESS OF REPAIR WORK
routine (current) repair;
medium repair;
major repair.
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ELEMENTS INCLUDED IN REAR SERVICE SUPPORT
material support;
medical support;
transportation;
providing personnel and other needs of the troops.
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ELEMENTS INCLUDED IN MATERIAL SUPPORT
all forms of armament;
combat and other equipment;
ammunition;
fuel;
food;
protective means;
engineer means;
clothing;
medical and other material;
various types of merchandise;
fluids and water.
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AIMS OF PROVIDING MEDICAL SUPPORT
maintain combat capability and improve personnel's health;
render prompt medical assistance to casualties and patients;
return personnel to action as quickly as possible.
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ELEMENTS INCLUDED IN ORGANIZATION OF THE DIVISION'S REAR SERVICE SUPPORT
preparing the rear service units, subunits, and installations;
making the decision on rear area support;
designating the rear service area;
deploying the rear service units, subunits, and installations and their
relocation during the battle;
designating supply and evacuation routes;
providing security, defense, and protection of the rear area.
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WAY IN WHICH DEPLOYMENT OF THE DIVISION REAR SERVICE UNITS AND SUBUNITS IS
CONDUCTED
medical and repair units (subunits) are deployed close to first-echelon
regiments (first-echelon of the rear service);
depots, transportation units (subunits), and mechanical field bakery are
deployed in the second-echelon in depth.
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ROUTES ESTABLISHED IN THE DIVISION REAR AREAS
a divisional supply and evacuation route from divisional supply depots
(material support battalion) to regiment dumps (material support companies) and
fire positions of division artillery group;
a regimental supply and evacuation route from regiment material support company
(depots) to the rear service subunits of battalions and the fire positions of
regiment artillery group;
a lateral route on the line of regiment dumps, which is the divisional lateral
route;
a lateral route on the line of division depots (material support battalion)
which is army's lateral route.
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ELEMENTS EMPLOYED IN CONDUCTING REAR SERVICE SUPPORT
in battalion: battalion's supply platoon;
in regiment: material support company and medical company;
in the division: material support battalion, medical battalion, and mechanical
bakery.
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ELEMENTS WHICH ARE PROVIDED FOR BY CONTROL OF THE REAR SERVICE
maintaining constant readiness of the rear service to support the troops;
promptly assigning missions regarding the rear service support;
planning the organization of the rear service support;
monitoring the execution of instructions on rear service support;
maneuvering with transport, material means, repair, and medical means in
accordance with the changes in the situation;
organizing reliable security, defense, and protection of the rear service area.
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INITIAL DATA FOR PREPARING THE PLAN OF REAR SERVICE SUPPORT
the rear service order of the army commander;
the decision of the division commander for the battle and his instructions on
rear service support;
the decision of the deputy division commander for rear service on organization
of the rear service support;
information on the size, number, composition, and status of the troops;
information about the composition, deployment, status, and location of the rear
services of the troops.
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ITEMS REFLECTED IN THE DIVISION'S REAR
SERVICE SUPPORT PLAN
the principle missions of the division's rear service;
the composition of division's rear service including its units, subunits, and
installations planned to support the combat action of the division;
the deployment of the division's rear service during the preparation of the
battle and their relocation and movement during the conduct of the battle;
division's supply and evacuation routes, their extension, restoration, and
maintenance during the conduct of the battle;
material support of the division during the battle;
medical support of the division troops;
protection, security, and defense of the division rear service area;
organizing control of the division's rear service;
other matters.
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ELEMENTS WHICH ARE PRECISELY MONITORED IN TROOP CONTROL
assigned missions;
activities;
positions and conditions of the troops;
conditions of their rear service;
conditions of material support.
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FACTORS WHICH COULD BRING ON DIFFICULTIES TO THE IMMEDIATE EXECUTING
ELEMENTS
sudden changes in weather or in the nature of the terrain as a result of
the use of nuclear weapons;
inefficiency of certain officials;
other executing elements incorrectly understanding the division commander's
tasks.
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MEASURES FOR PERFORMING MONITORING, DEPENDING ON THE PREVAILING CONDITIONS
directly among subordinate troops;
studying combat documents submitted by staffs;
observing troop activities;
in certain cases by convening the commanders and staff officers of subordinate
units for personal report on the progress of the conduct of the assigned combat
missions;
receiving reports (inquires) via communication equipment.
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ITEMS MONITORED DURING THE PREPARATION PERIOD FOR BATTLE
preparing data for making the decision;
formulating the decision and planning documents;
disseminating tasks to troops;
organizing interaction and support of the troops combat actions;
organizing troop control during the battle.
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ITEMS CHECKED DURING MONITORING
timeliness of subordinate troops receiving missions and their correctly
understanding them;
the conformity of the decision of subordinate commanders to the concept of the
battle;
the correctness and completeness of battle planning and measures for
interaction among troops and all-around support for their combat action;
subordinate troops completing measures on preparing for battle and readiness to
begin these measures precisely at the designated time, knowing set signals,
observing accepted maskirovka measures, and completing measures for
protection against mass-destruction weapons.
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MOST COMMON METHODS FOR ACCOMPLISHING MONITORING
during personal visits by the division commander and other control organ
officials to the troops;
during conversations over communications equipment;
during the study and analysis of combat documents submitted by the
subordinates.
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TIMES WHEN MONITORING BY MEANS OF USING COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT IS THE MOST
BENEFICIAL
confirming the receipt of orders;
confirming a signal about accomplishment of combat missions;
confirming dispatch of documents;
other similar activities.
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ITEMS THE MONITORING PLAN INDICATES
units to be checked;
matters to be checked out (inspected);
methods for checking;
deadlines for executing checking;
persons to conduct checking;
time and procedure for reporting the results of checking (inspection).
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DUTIES OF THE OFFICERS ASSIGNED TO MONITORING
know well the situation in the division area and its possible development;
understand their missions;
study the conditions;
outline procedures for carrying it out.
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